FDST 3000 EXAM #2 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Glycosidic bonds - ANSWER-- Glucose is linked to make the amylopectin and amylose
found in starch or glycogen in the liver of animals
links together sugars- determines whether carb is energy source or fiber
-Alpha configuration- when linkage is down (provides energy)
-Beta configuration- when linkage is up (fiber)
-Human body does not contain enzyme to break bond with beta configuration, only for
alpha
-When carbon points down in beta position= glucose
-When carbon points up in alpha position= cellulose
Ester bonds - ANSWER-Tri-, di- and monoglycerides
Importance of monosaccharides and disaccharides - ANSWER-
How are sugars linked together? - ANSWER-By glycosidic bonds
-Alpha 1-2 is an important linkage
-In our bodies, we can hydrolyze/cleave the alpha-type glycosidic bonds, but not the
Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds found in cellulose and hemicellulose
Galactose - ANSWER-OH points up and H points down
Problems associated with lactose, raffinose, and stachyose - ANSWER-Have a Beta
linkage which results in lactose intolerance in some people and gas from eating beans
Monosaccharide - ANSWER-Simple sugars- Have a sweet taste because contain sugar
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
Oligosaccharide - ANSWER-short chains of monosaccharides (2-10)
Polysaccharide - ANSWER--Long chains of 10+ monosaccharides
Storage polysaccharides
-Starch (alpha glucose units)
-Glycogen (an animal starch- highly branched)
Structural polysaccharides
-Cellulose
-Hemicellulose
, -Chitin
Amylose - ANSWER-Unbranched
-Linear molecule of glucose linked together
Amylopectin - ANSWER-Branched
-Glucose linked together with a degree of branching after every 24-30 glucose units
-Provide different textures for food products
Starch - ANSWER--Storage polysaccharide in animals
-Starch granules contain amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen - ANSWER-Storage polysaccaride: Animal starch, highly branched
Cellulose - ANSWER--Storage polysaccharide in plants
-Linear polymer of up to 15,000 D-glucose units
Chitin - ANSWER--Principal structural component of the exoskeleton of invertebrates
-A component of the cell walls of fungi and algae
-Almost as abundant as cellulose
-Can immobilize enzymes on a chitin support causing a chemical reaction producing a
certain wanted product
Structural polysaccharides - ANSWER-Cellulose
Chitin
Dietary fiber - ANSWER-What is it? A mixture of polysaccharides that are integral
components of the plant cell wall
Why is it good for us? -Production of SCFAs lowers he pH of the gut
-Reduces risk of colon and rectal cancer
-Byturic acid keeps cells in bowel wall health and has been shown to inhibit growth and
proliferation of tumor cells in vitro
Sources? Insoluble fiber- found in wheat and rice, resistant to fermentation, increases
stool weight by retaining water and soluble fiber- found in "barley and oats" and is
almost completely fermented in the colon, and provides energy for bacterial growth
Fatty Acid - ANSWER-Even numbers, has to have 6+ carbons
3 ways to name fatty acids - ANSWER-1. Systematic or IUPAC naming- cis, cis-9, 12-
octadecanoic acid
2. Trivial names- linoleic acid
3. Abbreviation notaion- C18:2 n-6
SOLUTIONS
Glycosidic bonds - ANSWER-- Glucose is linked to make the amylopectin and amylose
found in starch or glycogen in the liver of animals
links together sugars- determines whether carb is energy source or fiber
-Alpha configuration- when linkage is down (provides energy)
-Beta configuration- when linkage is up (fiber)
-Human body does not contain enzyme to break bond with beta configuration, only for
alpha
-When carbon points down in beta position= glucose
-When carbon points up in alpha position= cellulose
Ester bonds - ANSWER-Tri-, di- and monoglycerides
Importance of monosaccharides and disaccharides - ANSWER-
How are sugars linked together? - ANSWER-By glycosidic bonds
-Alpha 1-2 is an important linkage
-In our bodies, we can hydrolyze/cleave the alpha-type glycosidic bonds, but not the
Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds found in cellulose and hemicellulose
Galactose - ANSWER-OH points up and H points down
Problems associated with lactose, raffinose, and stachyose - ANSWER-Have a Beta
linkage which results in lactose intolerance in some people and gas from eating beans
Monosaccharide - ANSWER-Simple sugars- Have a sweet taste because contain sugar
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
Oligosaccharide - ANSWER-short chains of monosaccharides (2-10)
Polysaccharide - ANSWER--Long chains of 10+ monosaccharides
Storage polysaccharides
-Starch (alpha glucose units)
-Glycogen (an animal starch- highly branched)
Structural polysaccharides
-Cellulose
-Hemicellulose
, -Chitin
Amylose - ANSWER-Unbranched
-Linear molecule of glucose linked together
Amylopectin - ANSWER-Branched
-Glucose linked together with a degree of branching after every 24-30 glucose units
-Provide different textures for food products
Starch - ANSWER--Storage polysaccharide in animals
-Starch granules contain amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen - ANSWER-Storage polysaccaride: Animal starch, highly branched
Cellulose - ANSWER--Storage polysaccharide in plants
-Linear polymer of up to 15,000 D-glucose units
Chitin - ANSWER--Principal structural component of the exoskeleton of invertebrates
-A component of the cell walls of fungi and algae
-Almost as abundant as cellulose
-Can immobilize enzymes on a chitin support causing a chemical reaction producing a
certain wanted product
Structural polysaccharides - ANSWER-Cellulose
Chitin
Dietary fiber - ANSWER-What is it? A mixture of polysaccharides that are integral
components of the plant cell wall
Why is it good for us? -Production of SCFAs lowers he pH of the gut
-Reduces risk of colon and rectal cancer
-Byturic acid keeps cells in bowel wall health and has been shown to inhibit growth and
proliferation of tumor cells in vitro
Sources? Insoluble fiber- found in wheat and rice, resistant to fermentation, increases
stool weight by retaining water and soluble fiber- found in "barley and oats" and is
almost completely fermented in the colon, and provides energy for bacterial growth
Fatty Acid - ANSWER-Even numbers, has to have 6+ carbons
3 ways to name fatty acids - ANSWER-1. Systematic or IUPAC naming- cis, cis-9, 12-
octadecanoic acid
2. Trivial names- linoleic acid
3. Abbreviation notaion- C18:2 n-6
