HISTORY - PAPER 1
1. USA
1.1 The economic boom
1.2 The melting pot
1.3 The Wall Street crash
1.4 The change in society → Guns, crime and violence, Roaring twenties
1.5 Prohibition
1.6 The new deal
1.7 Why did Roosevelt win the election?
1.8 The Supreme Court and the New Deal
1.9 Extra information
2. NAZI GERMANY
2.1 Eliminating opposition
2.2 Nazi and the police
2.3 Nazi and the army
2.4 The nazis and the churches
2.5 Hitler Youth
2.6 Education
2.7 Women and nazi Germany
2.8 Work and leisure
2.9 The nazi economy
2.10 Nazi and the jews
2.11 Nazi from propaganda
2.12 Resistance to nazism
3. GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY 1933- 1939
3.1 1933
3.2 1934
3.3 1935
3.4 1936
3.5 1937
3.6 1938
3.7 1939
4. TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1
,1. USA
1.1 The economic boom
1. Industrial Strength: The USA had an abundance of raw materials like oil, coal, and
iron ore. This provided a solid foundation for industrial growth1.
2. Technological Advances: The introduction of the assembly line significantly boosted
production efficiency. New consumer goods like cars and radios became widely
available1.
3. Mass Consumption and Advertising: Improved advertising techniques and mass
consumption patterns fueled demand for new products.
4. Republican Policies: The government implemented policies such as low taxes and
high tariffs that protected domestic industries and promoted business growth.
5. Confidence and Investment: A high level of confidence in the economy led to
greater investment in the stock market and businesses overall.
6. Credit and Loans: Hire purchase schemes and loans made it easier for people to buy
goods on credit, which spurred consumer spending.Treaty of Versailles Cambridge
IGCSE
1.2 The melting pot
The Melting Pot in Early 20th Century USA
Immigration Surge:
● Late 19th to early 20th century: The United States saw a significant influx of
immigrants, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews,
Russians, and Poles.
● Ellis Island: The primary entry point for millions of immigrants, Ellis Island in New
York Harbor, symbolizes this era of mass migration.
Cultural Impact:
● Cultural Diversity: These immigrants brought diverse cultures, languages, and
traditions, contributing to the rich tapestry of American society.
● Neighborhoods and Communities: Many immigrants settled in distinct
neighborhoods, such as Little Italy or Jewish quarters, initially maintaining their
heritage while gradually integrating into broader American society.
2
, ● Cultural Exchange: The interaction and blending of different cultures contributed to
new American customs, cuisine styles, and arts.
Economic Contributions:
● Labor Force: Immigrants played an essential role in building America's infrastructure,
working in factories, railroads, and mines supplying the labor needed for rapid
industrialization.
● Entrepreneurship: Many immigrants started small businesses, which became vital
components of local economies and contributed to economic growth.
Social Challenges:
● Discrimination and Prejudice: Immigrants often faced significant challenges, including
xenophobia, discrimination, and harsh living conditions.
● Nativism: The rise of nativist sentiments and movements, which sought to restrict
immigration and protect the interests of native-born Americans.
● Legislation: This period saw the introduction of restrictive immigration laws, such as
the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Emergency Quota Act, which aimed to limit the
number of immigrants.
The Melting Pot Concept:
● Assimilation vs. Cultural Pluralism: The idea of a "melting pot" emphasizes the
blending and assimilation of different cultures into a single, unified society. However,
it is often contrasted with the concept of cultural pluralism, where multiple cultures
coexist, each retaining its unique identity.
Roaring Twenties:
● Economic Boom: The 1920s, known as the Roaring Twenties, brought significant
economic prosperity and cultural change. Jazz music flourished, and new social norms
and values emerged.
● Prohibition and Organized Crime: This era also saw Prohibition, which led to the
rise of organized crime as illegal alcohol production and distribution became rampant.
Intolerance and the Red Scare:
● Fear of Communism: The post-World War I period saw the first Red Scare, driven
by fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies entering the United States.
Immigrants, particularly from Eastern Europe, were often viewed with suspicion.
● Palmer Raids: Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, these raids targeted
suspected radicals, leading to arrests and deportation without due process.
3
, Post-War Immigration:
● World Wars: The aftermath of World War II saw a new wave of immigration and the
subsequent cultural exchanges and economic contributions of these populations to
American society.
● Changing Policies: Over time, policies evolved to adjust to the realities of a more
globalized world, leading to changes in immigration laws and attitudes.
Such topics give students an in-depth understanding of how the concept of the melting pot has
shaped the social, cultural, and economic landscape of the United States.
1.3 The Wall Street crash
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 is a crucial event covered in the Cambridge IGCSE History
curriculum. Here are some key points about it:
1. Speculation: Many people bought shares with the hope of selling them at a higher
price later. This excessive speculation led to an inflated stock market2. By 1929, about
600,000 of the 1.5 million shareholders were speculators.
2. Buying on Margin: People borrowed money to buy shares, a method known as
buying on margin, which further inflated the market. When share prices began to fall,
these investors couldn't repay their loans.
3. Panic Selling: On October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, nearly 13 million
shares were sold in panic, leading to a sharp decline in stock prices. The collapse
continued on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, when 16 million shares were traded2.
4. Bank Failures: The crash caused many banks to fail because they had invested
heavily in the stock market or had lent money to speculators. Between 1929 and 1933,
about 11,000 banks stopped trading3.
5. Economic Impact: The crash led to a severe economic depression. Unemployment
rates skyrocketed, and people who lost their jobs could no longer afford to make
installment payments on goods, leading to repossessions1.
This catastrophic event highlighted the risks of speculative investments and the importance of
financial regulation.
4
1. USA
1.1 The economic boom
1.2 The melting pot
1.3 The Wall Street crash
1.4 The change in society → Guns, crime and violence, Roaring twenties
1.5 Prohibition
1.6 The new deal
1.7 Why did Roosevelt win the election?
1.8 The Supreme Court and the New Deal
1.9 Extra information
2. NAZI GERMANY
2.1 Eliminating opposition
2.2 Nazi and the police
2.3 Nazi and the army
2.4 The nazis and the churches
2.5 Hitler Youth
2.6 Education
2.7 Women and nazi Germany
2.8 Work and leisure
2.9 The nazi economy
2.10 Nazi and the jews
2.11 Nazi from propaganda
2.12 Resistance to nazism
3. GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY 1933- 1939
3.1 1933
3.2 1934
3.3 1935
3.4 1936
3.5 1937
3.6 1938
3.7 1939
4. TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1
,1. USA
1.1 The economic boom
1. Industrial Strength: The USA had an abundance of raw materials like oil, coal, and
iron ore. This provided a solid foundation for industrial growth1.
2. Technological Advances: The introduction of the assembly line significantly boosted
production efficiency. New consumer goods like cars and radios became widely
available1.
3. Mass Consumption and Advertising: Improved advertising techniques and mass
consumption patterns fueled demand for new products.
4. Republican Policies: The government implemented policies such as low taxes and
high tariffs that protected domestic industries and promoted business growth.
5. Confidence and Investment: A high level of confidence in the economy led to
greater investment in the stock market and businesses overall.
6. Credit and Loans: Hire purchase schemes and loans made it easier for people to buy
goods on credit, which spurred consumer spending.Treaty of Versailles Cambridge
IGCSE
1.2 The melting pot
The Melting Pot in Early 20th Century USA
Immigration Surge:
● Late 19th to early 20th century: The United States saw a significant influx of
immigrants, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews,
Russians, and Poles.
● Ellis Island: The primary entry point for millions of immigrants, Ellis Island in New
York Harbor, symbolizes this era of mass migration.
Cultural Impact:
● Cultural Diversity: These immigrants brought diverse cultures, languages, and
traditions, contributing to the rich tapestry of American society.
● Neighborhoods and Communities: Many immigrants settled in distinct
neighborhoods, such as Little Italy or Jewish quarters, initially maintaining their
heritage while gradually integrating into broader American society.
2
, ● Cultural Exchange: The interaction and blending of different cultures contributed to
new American customs, cuisine styles, and arts.
Economic Contributions:
● Labor Force: Immigrants played an essential role in building America's infrastructure,
working in factories, railroads, and mines supplying the labor needed for rapid
industrialization.
● Entrepreneurship: Many immigrants started small businesses, which became vital
components of local economies and contributed to economic growth.
Social Challenges:
● Discrimination and Prejudice: Immigrants often faced significant challenges, including
xenophobia, discrimination, and harsh living conditions.
● Nativism: The rise of nativist sentiments and movements, which sought to restrict
immigration and protect the interests of native-born Americans.
● Legislation: This period saw the introduction of restrictive immigration laws, such as
the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Emergency Quota Act, which aimed to limit the
number of immigrants.
The Melting Pot Concept:
● Assimilation vs. Cultural Pluralism: The idea of a "melting pot" emphasizes the
blending and assimilation of different cultures into a single, unified society. However,
it is often contrasted with the concept of cultural pluralism, where multiple cultures
coexist, each retaining its unique identity.
Roaring Twenties:
● Economic Boom: The 1920s, known as the Roaring Twenties, brought significant
economic prosperity and cultural change. Jazz music flourished, and new social norms
and values emerged.
● Prohibition and Organized Crime: This era also saw Prohibition, which led to the
rise of organized crime as illegal alcohol production and distribution became rampant.
Intolerance and the Red Scare:
● Fear of Communism: The post-World War I period saw the first Red Scare, driven
by fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies entering the United States.
Immigrants, particularly from Eastern Europe, were often viewed with suspicion.
● Palmer Raids: Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, these raids targeted
suspected radicals, leading to arrests and deportation without due process.
3
, Post-War Immigration:
● World Wars: The aftermath of World War II saw a new wave of immigration and the
subsequent cultural exchanges and economic contributions of these populations to
American society.
● Changing Policies: Over time, policies evolved to adjust to the realities of a more
globalized world, leading to changes in immigration laws and attitudes.
Such topics give students an in-depth understanding of how the concept of the melting pot has
shaped the social, cultural, and economic landscape of the United States.
1.3 The Wall Street crash
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 is a crucial event covered in the Cambridge IGCSE History
curriculum. Here are some key points about it:
1. Speculation: Many people bought shares with the hope of selling them at a higher
price later. This excessive speculation led to an inflated stock market2. By 1929, about
600,000 of the 1.5 million shareholders were speculators.
2. Buying on Margin: People borrowed money to buy shares, a method known as
buying on margin, which further inflated the market. When share prices began to fall,
these investors couldn't repay their loans.
3. Panic Selling: On October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, nearly 13 million
shares were sold in panic, leading to a sharp decline in stock prices. The collapse
continued on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, when 16 million shares were traded2.
4. Bank Failures: The crash caused many banks to fail because they had invested
heavily in the stock market or had lent money to speculators. Between 1929 and 1933,
about 11,000 banks stopped trading3.
5. Economic Impact: The crash led to a severe economic depression. Unemployment
rates skyrocketed, and people who lost their jobs could no longer afford to make
installment payments on goods, leading to repossessions1.
This catastrophic event highlighted the risks of speculative investments and the importance of
financial regulation.
4
