BIO 111 Lab Final Exam UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
at which location will insertions alter the phenotype? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅regulatory sequences
what were introns used to be thought of? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅"junk" DNA
transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a region of DNA that can change its position on the
chromosome (genome), sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's
genome size
intron - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the noncoding sections of an RNA transcript that are
spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein
exon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the part of a gene that codes for RNA
chromosome 16 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-each pair has two chromosomes
-humans have 26 chromosomes
what is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅to make
billions of copies of a target region of DNA
what are the steps of the polymerase chain reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1.)
denaturation=breaks double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA (unwinds to form two
single strands) 2.) annealing=primers bind to unwinded DNA (target segment of DNA) so
they can eventually make copies 3.) elongation=new sequence of DN is synthesized from the
primer
the longer the segment of DNA... - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the more time it will take for
the DNA to migrate
ladder - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control sequence of base pairs that is chopped up into
specific, known segments
-will separate based on size
-bottom contains small fragments, about 500 base pairs
-this is the way of measuring time
how do you find the genotype given an intron and a transposon? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅you ADD the intron and the transposon
no transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-/-
one with transposon, one without - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-/+
, both with transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅+/+
regulatory sequences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a segment of a nucleic acid molecule
which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an
organism
DNA isolation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the process of purification of DNA form
sample using a combination of physical and chemical methods
polymerase chain reaction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅takes the isolated DNA and specific
primers are placed, allowing us to look at ONE specific portion of the DNA (DNA target
region), then billions of copies of the segment are made to analyze
-cycle 1: denaturation, annealing, elongation
gel electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a technique for separating protein
molecules of varying sizes in a mixture by moving them through a block of gels by means of
an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore larger than smaller ones
what happens after cycle 2 of PCR? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the first single-stranded
target DNA is produced
what happens after cycle 3 of PCR? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the first double-stranded
DNA target region appears
denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅breaks double-stranded DNA into single-stranded
DNA (unwinds to form two single strands)
annealing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅primers bind to unwinded DNA (target segment of
DNA) so they can eventually make copies
elongation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅new sequence of DN is synthesized from the
primer
what are the three main components of all living cells? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cell
membrane, nucleic acids, enzymes
cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a rigid structure made up of the phospholipid
bilayer outside of the cell membrane that protects and gives shape to the cell, regulates the
entry of certain molecules, and engulfs or absorbs food (food acquisition)
nucleic acids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅macromolecules that store genetic information
directing all cellular functions and are composed of nucleotides
enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins that act as biological catalysts which speed
up chemical reactions, digest food, and build cell parts
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
at which location will insertions alter the phenotype? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅regulatory sequences
what were introns used to be thought of? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅"junk" DNA
transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a region of DNA that can change its position on the
chromosome (genome), sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's
genome size
intron - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the noncoding sections of an RNA transcript that are
spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein
exon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the part of a gene that codes for RNA
chromosome 16 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-each pair has two chromosomes
-humans have 26 chromosomes
what is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅to make
billions of copies of a target region of DNA
what are the steps of the polymerase chain reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1.)
denaturation=breaks double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA (unwinds to form two
single strands) 2.) annealing=primers bind to unwinded DNA (target segment of DNA) so
they can eventually make copies 3.) elongation=new sequence of DN is synthesized from the
primer
the longer the segment of DNA... - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the more time it will take for
the DNA to migrate
ladder - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control sequence of base pairs that is chopped up into
specific, known segments
-will separate based on size
-bottom contains small fragments, about 500 base pairs
-this is the way of measuring time
how do you find the genotype given an intron and a transposon? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅you ADD the intron and the transposon
no transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-/-
one with transposon, one without - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-/+
, both with transposon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅+/+
regulatory sequences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a segment of a nucleic acid molecule
which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an
organism
DNA isolation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the process of purification of DNA form
sample using a combination of physical and chemical methods
polymerase chain reaction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅takes the isolated DNA and specific
primers are placed, allowing us to look at ONE specific portion of the DNA (DNA target
region), then billions of copies of the segment are made to analyze
-cycle 1: denaturation, annealing, elongation
gel electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a technique for separating protein
molecules of varying sizes in a mixture by moving them through a block of gels by means of
an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore larger than smaller ones
what happens after cycle 2 of PCR? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the first single-stranded
target DNA is produced
what happens after cycle 3 of PCR? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the first double-stranded
DNA target region appears
denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅breaks double-stranded DNA into single-stranded
DNA (unwinds to form two single strands)
annealing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅primers bind to unwinded DNA (target segment of
DNA) so they can eventually make copies
elongation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅new sequence of DN is synthesized from the
primer
what are the three main components of all living cells? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cell
membrane, nucleic acids, enzymes
cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a rigid structure made up of the phospholipid
bilayer outside of the cell membrane that protects and gives shape to the cell, regulates the
entry of certain molecules, and engulfs or absorbs food (food acquisition)
nucleic acids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅macromolecules that store genetic information
directing all cellular functions and are composed of nucleotides
enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins that act as biological catalysts which speed
up chemical reactions, digest food, and build cell parts
