Solutions Manual For
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry
Structures of Life 6th Edition
By Karen Timberlake (All
Chapters 1-24, 100% Original
Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged
Reverse: 24-1
This is The Original Solutions
Manual For 6th Edition, All
other Files in The Market are
Fake/Old/Wrong Edition.
, 24
Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids
Learning Goals
• Describe the process by which triacylglycerols are digested.
• Describe the metabolic pathway of b oxidation.
• Calculate the total ATP produced by the complete oxidation of a fatty acid.
• Describe the pathway of ketogenesis.
• Describe the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
• Describe the hydrolysis of dietary protein and the reactions of transamination and oxidative
deamination in the degradation of amino acids.
• Describe the formation of urea from an ammonium ion.
• Describe where carbon atoms from amino acids enter the citric acid cycle or other pathways
• Describe how some nonessential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in the citric
acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.
Chapter Outline
Chapter Opener: Public Health Nurse (PHN)
24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
Chemistry Link to Health: Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
Chemistry Link to Health: Diabetes and Ketone Bodies
24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
24.7 Urea Cycle
24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
Chemistry Link to Health: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Clinical Update: Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C
Core Chemistry Skills
• Calculating the ATP from Fatty Acid Oxidation (b Oxidation) (24.3)
• Describing How Ketone Bodies Are Formed (24.4)
• Distinguishing Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways (24.9)
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
,Chapter 24
Answers and Solutions to Text Problems
24.1 The bile salts emulsify fat so that it forms small fat globules for hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase.
24.2 The triacylglycerols in the intestinal lining are coated with proteins to form lipoproteins
called chylomicrons, which are polar and can be transported through the lymphatic system
and into the bloodstream.
24.3 Fats are released from fat stores when blood glucose and glycogen stores are depleted.
24.4 Glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP to give glycerol-3-phosphate, which is oxidized to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This product can now enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
24.5 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate, and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an
intermediate of glycolysis.
24.6 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate,
which can enter gluconeogenesis to produce glucose.
24.7 The enzyme glycerol kinase would be defective.
24.8 Since the enzyme glycerol kinase is deficient, levels of the reactant glycerol build up.
24.9 Fatty acids are activated in the cytosol.
24.10 Carnitine is a charged carrier that transports fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial
membrane into the matrix.
24.11 The coenzymes FAD, NAD+ , and HS ¬ CoA are required for b oxidation.
24.12 Isomerization occurs in the b oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The cis double bond typically
found in oils must be converted to a trans double bond for the hydration step of b oxidation.
24.13 The designation b-carbon is based on the common names of carboxylic acids in which the
a-carbon is the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group.
O
a. CH3 ¬CH2 ¬CH2 ¬CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ C¬ S¬ CoA
b
O
b
b. S ¬ CoA
O
24.14 a. CH3 ¬(CH2)14 ¬ CH2 ¬CH2 ¬ C¬ S ¬CoA
b
O
b
b. S¬ CoA
OH O
24.15 a. S¬ CoA
H O
b. CH3 ¬(CH2)6 ¬C “C¬ C ¬S ¬ CoA
H
388 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acid
O O
24.16 a. +
S¬ CoA S¬ CoA
O H O
b. CH3 ¬(CH2)8 ¬ C ¬ C¬ C ¬S ¬ CoA
H
O
24.17 a. and b. CH3 ¬(CH2)4 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ C¬ S¬ CoA
b a
c. Three b oxidation cycles are needed.
d. Four acetyl CoA units are produced from a C 8 fatty acid.
24.18 a. and b.
O
b
a S¬ CoA
c. Eleven b oxidation cycles are needed.
d. Twelve acetyl CoA units are produced from a C 24 fatty acid.
24.19 The hydrolysis of ATP to AMP involves the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, and then ADP to
AMP, which provides the same amount of energy as the hydrolysis of two ATP to two ADP.
24.20 Ten ATP molecules are obtained when one acetyl CoA molecule goes through the citric acid
cycle.
24.21 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Carbon Atoms B Oxidation Cycles Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2
22 10 11 10 10
a. A C 22 fatty acid will go through 10 b oxidation cycles.
b. The b oxidation of a chain of 22 carbon atoms produces 11 acetyl CoA units.
c. ATP Production from Behenic Acid (C22)
Activation -2 ATP
10 ATP
11 acetyl CoA * (citric acid cycle) 110 ATP
acetyl CoA
2.5 ATP
10 NADH * (electron transport) 25 ATP
NADH
1.5 ATP
10 FADH2 * (electron transport) 15 ATP
FADH2
Total 148 ATP
24.22 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Carbon Atoms B Oxidation Cycles Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2
18 8 9 8 8
a. A C 18 fatty acid will go through eight b oxidation cycles.
b. The b oxidation of a chain of 18 carbon atoms produces nine acetyl CoA units.
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry
Structures of Life 6th Edition
By Karen Timberlake (All
Chapters 1-24, 100% Original
Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged
Reverse: 24-1
This is The Original Solutions
Manual For 6th Edition, All
other Files in The Market are
Fake/Old/Wrong Edition.
, 24
Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids
Learning Goals
• Describe the process by which triacylglycerols are digested.
• Describe the metabolic pathway of b oxidation.
• Calculate the total ATP produced by the complete oxidation of a fatty acid.
• Describe the pathway of ketogenesis.
• Describe the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
• Describe the hydrolysis of dietary protein and the reactions of transamination and oxidative
deamination in the degradation of amino acids.
• Describe the formation of urea from an ammonium ion.
• Describe where carbon atoms from amino acids enter the citric acid cycle or other pathways
• Describe how some nonessential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in the citric
acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.
Chapter Outline
Chapter Opener: Public Health Nurse (PHN)
24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
Chemistry Link to Health: Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
Chemistry Link to Health: Diabetes and Ketone Bodies
24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
24.7 Urea Cycle
24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
Chemistry Link to Health: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Clinical Update: Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C
Core Chemistry Skills
• Calculating the ATP from Fatty Acid Oxidation (b Oxidation) (24.3)
• Describing How Ketone Bodies Are Formed (24.4)
• Distinguishing Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways (24.9)
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
,Chapter 24
Answers and Solutions to Text Problems
24.1 The bile salts emulsify fat so that it forms small fat globules for hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase.
24.2 The triacylglycerols in the intestinal lining are coated with proteins to form lipoproteins
called chylomicrons, which are polar and can be transported through the lymphatic system
and into the bloodstream.
24.3 Fats are released from fat stores when blood glucose and glycogen stores are depleted.
24.4 Glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP to give glycerol-3-phosphate, which is oxidized to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This product can now enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
24.5 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate, and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an
intermediate of glycolysis.
24.6 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate,
which can enter gluconeogenesis to produce glucose.
24.7 The enzyme glycerol kinase would be defective.
24.8 Since the enzyme glycerol kinase is deficient, levels of the reactant glycerol build up.
24.9 Fatty acids are activated in the cytosol.
24.10 Carnitine is a charged carrier that transports fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial
membrane into the matrix.
24.11 The coenzymes FAD, NAD+ , and HS ¬ CoA are required for b oxidation.
24.12 Isomerization occurs in the b oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The cis double bond typically
found in oils must be converted to a trans double bond for the hydration step of b oxidation.
24.13 The designation b-carbon is based on the common names of carboxylic acids in which the
a-carbon is the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group.
O
a. CH3 ¬CH2 ¬CH2 ¬CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ C¬ S¬ CoA
b
O
b
b. S ¬ CoA
O
24.14 a. CH3 ¬(CH2)14 ¬ CH2 ¬CH2 ¬ C¬ S ¬CoA
b
O
b
b. S¬ CoA
OH O
24.15 a. S¬ CoA
H O
b. CH3 ¬(CH2)6 ¬C “C¬ C ¬S ¬ CoA
H
388 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acid
O O
24.16 a. +
S¬ CoA S¬ CoA
O H O
b. CH3 ¬(CH2)8 ¬ C ¬ C¬ C ¬S ¬ CoA
H
O
24.17 a. and b. CH3 ¬(CH2)4 ¬ CH2 ¬ CH2 ¬ C¬ S¬ CoA
b a
c. Three b oxidation cycles are needed.
d. Four acetyl CoA units are produced from a C 8 fatty acid.
24.18 a. and b.
O
b
a S¬ CoA
c. Eleven b oxidation cycles are needed.
d. Twelve acetyl CoA units are produced from a C 24 fatty acid.
24.19 The hydrolysis of ATP to AMP involves the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, and then ADP to
AMP, which provides the same amount of energy as the hydrolysis of two ATP to two ADP.
24.20 Ten ATP molecules are obtained when one acetyl CoA molecule goes through the citric acid
cycle.
24.21 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Carbon Atoms B Oxidation Cycles Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2
22 10 11 10 10
a. A C 22 fatty acid will go through 10 b oxidation cycles.
b. The b oxidation of a chain of 22 carbon atoms produces 11 acetyl CoA units.
c. ATP Production from Behenic Acid (C22)
Activation -2 ATP
10 ATP
11 acetyl CoA * (citric acid cycle) 110 ATP
acetyl CoA
2.5 ATP
10 NADH * (electron transport) 25 ATP
NADH
1.5 ATP
10 FADH2 * (electron transport) 15 ATP
FADH2
Total 148 ATP
24.22 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Carbon Atoms B Oxidation Cycles Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2
18 8 9 8 8
a. A C 18 fatty acid will go through eight b oxidation cycles.
b. The b oxidation of a chain of 18 carbon atoms produces nine acetyl CoA units.
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
