VPHY EXAM 2: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Sweet/umami taste cells ---100%correct answers--- Molecules bind to membrane
receptors, leads to closing of K channels
Bitter taste cells ---100%correct answers--- Molecules bind to membrane receptors,
leads to Ca being released from cell ER
Odorant receptors ---100%correct answers--- Type of GCPR
Sliding filament model of contraction mechanism ---100%correct answers---
Filaments do not shorten, A-bands maintain length, I-bands and H-bands get shorter, Z-
discs move closer together
Sympathetic postganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Mostly norepinephrine,
some acetylcholine in regards to skeletal muscle blood vessels and sweat glands
Parasympathetic postganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Acetylcholine
Autonomic preganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- Nicotinic (ligand-gated
ion channel) Ach receptor
Parasympathetic postganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- Muscarinic (G-
protein-coupled) Ach receptor
Sympathetic postganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- a1-,a2-,B1-,B2-
adrenergic receptor
Sympathetic excitatory innervation ---100%correct answers--- B1- increased cardiac
output; a1- vasoconstriction
, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems) -> smooth muscles, cardiac muscles,
glands
Effector organs of the autonomic NS ---100%correct answers--- Cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, glandsCentral control point of autonomic NS ---100%correct
answers--- Hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord
Sympathetic division ---100%correct answers--- Fight or flight response, chains of
ganglia line the sides of the spinal cord, split from the spinal nerves and enter
paravertebral ganglia, and then branch, some synapse at prevertebral/collateral ganglia;
sympathetic nerves are activated all at once (mass action)
, Parasympathetic division ---100%correct answers--- "Rest and digest",
preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain, medulla, pons, and sacral levels of spinal
cord, synapse w/ postganglionic fibers in terminal ganglia close to target organs, vagus
nerves are primary route
Autonomic preganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Acetylcholine
Modality ---100%correct answers--- Type of sense- taste, touch, smell, sight,
sounds, pain, temp, itch, proprioception, balance; each sensory receptor responds to a
specific modality and transduces it into membrane potential
Classes of sensory receptor ---100%correct answers--- Mechano-, chemo-, thermo-,
and photoreceptors
Generator potentials ---100%correct answers--- Produced in specialized dendritic
processed of primary sensory neurons
Receptor potentials ---100%correct answers--- Produced in specialized epithelial
cells, communicated to associated primary sensory neurons
Phasic receptors ---100%correct answers--- Fast-adapting receptors
Tonic receptors ---100%correct answers--- slow-adapting receptors
Receptive field ---100%correct answers--- Encodes the location of the stimulus,
composed of a center and a surround in sensory systems
Cutaneous receptors ---100%correct answers--- Include touch/pressure receptors,
hot/cold receptors, and nociceptors (pain)
Propioceptors ---100%correct answers--- Includes muscle spindles, Golgi tendon
organs, and joint receptors
Free nerve endings (cutaneous Rs) ---100%correct answers--- Unmylenated
dendrites of sensory neurons around hair follicles that sense light touch, hot/cold, and
pain
Merkel's discs ---100%correct answers--- Expanded dendritic ending at the base of
the epidermis that sense sustained touch and pressure
Sweet/umami taste cells ---100%correct answers--- Molecules bind to membrane
receptors, leads to closing of K channels
Bitter taste cells ---100%correct answers--- Molecules bind to membrane receptors,
leads to Ca being released from cell ER
Odorant receptors ---100%correct answers--- Type of GCPR
Sliding filament model of contraction mechanism ---100%correct answers---
Filaments do not shorten, A-bands maintain length, I-bands and H-bands get shorter, Z-
discs move closer together
Sympathetic postganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Mostly norepinephrine,
some acetylcholine in regards to skeletal muscle blood vessels and sweat glands
Parasympathetic postganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Acetylcholine
Autonomic preganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- Nicotinic (ligand-gated
ion channel) Ach receptor
Parasympathetic postganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- Muscarinic (G-
protein-coupled) Ach receptor
Sympathetic postganglionic receptor ---100%correct answers--- a1-,a2-,B1-,B2-
adrenergic receptor
Sympathetic excitatory innervation ---100%correct answers--- B1- increased cardiac
output; a1- vasoconstriction
, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems) -> smooth muscles, cardiac muscles,
glands
Effector organs of the autonomic NS ---100%correct answers--- Cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, glandsCentral control point of autonomic NS ---100%correct
answers--- Hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord
Sympathetic division ---100%correct answers--- Fight or flight response, chains of
ganglia line the sides of the spinal cord, split from the spinal nerves and enter
paravertebral ganglia, and then branch, some synapse at prevertebral/collateral ganglia;
sympathetic nerves are activated all at once (mass action)
, Parasympathetic division ---100%correct answers--- "Rest and digest",
preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain, medulla, pons, and sacral levels of spinal
cord, synapse w/ postganglionic fibers in terminal ganglia close to target organs, vagus
nerves are primary route
Autonomic preganglionic NT ---100%correct answers--- Acetylcholine
Modality ---100%correct answers--- Type of sense- taste, touch, smell, sight,
sounds, pain, temp, itch, proprioception, balance; each sensory receptor responds to a
specific modality and transduces it into membrane potential
Classes of sensory receptor ---100%correct answers--- Mechano-, chemo-, thermo-,
and photoreceptors
Generator potentials ---100%correct answers--- Produced in specialized dendritic
processed of primary sensory neurons
Receptor potentials ---100%correct answers--- Produced in specialized epithelial
cells, communicated to associated primary sensory neurons
Phasic receptors ---100%correct answers--- Fast-adapting receptors
Tonic receptors ---100%correct answers--- slow-adapting receptors
Receptive field ---100%correct answers--- Encodes the location of the stimulus,
composed of a center and a surround in sensory systems
Cutaneous receptors ---100%correct answers--- Include touch/pressure receptors,
hot/cold receptors, and nociceptors (pain)
Propioceptors ---100%correct answers--- Includes muscle spindles, Golgi tendon
organs, and joint receptors
Free nerve endings (cutaneous Rs) ---100%correct answers--- Unmylenated
dendrites of sensory neurons around hair follicles that sense light touch, hot/cold, and
pain
Merkel's discs ---100%correct answers--- Expanded dendritic ending at the base of
the epidermis that sense sustained touch and pressure
