BIO 669 RENAL FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

1. The sodium (Na+) sensing cells in the distal tubules are the: - -macula densa 2. Vitamin D is essential for: - -The absorption of Ca++ and phosphate from the GI tract 3. The renal blood flow, and thus GFR, are kept relatively constant by____. - -Myogenic (Intrinsic) autoregulation 4. The biggest stimulus (driver) of renin release is: - -Decreased Na+ concentration in the distal tubules 5. The most common organism causing urinary tract infection is: - -E. coli 6. Acute cystitis is best described as: - -Inflammation of the bladder presenting with frequency, dysuria and lower abdominaland/or suprapubic, low back pain 7. An increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) stimulates which of the following? - Increased water excretion in the urine 8. A patient presents with flank pain and anuria followed by polyuria after undergoingcatheterization of the ureters. What is the most likely cause of this condition? - -Postrenal acute renal failure 9. The modified smooth muscle that secrete renin are the - -Juxtaglomerular cells 10. Antidiuretic hormone works by - -Incorporating aquaporins into the distal tubule and collecting ducts, making thempermeable to water 11. Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces due to upper urinary obstruction would bestbe termed a(n)? - -Hydronephrosis 12. Which of the following is a symptom of chronic kidney disease - -Hypocalcemia 13. Which of the following would be expected to trigger a decrease in the secretion of ADH? - -ingestion of a large amount of pure water 14. What is the role of erythropoietin released by the kidney? - -It stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow 15. The pyramids contain the collecting ducts that drain through the papilla and are collected by the: - -Calyx (calyses) BIO 669 BIO 669 16. Because sweat is essentially a salt solution with an osmolarity lower than that of plasma,severe sweating leads to a reduction in plasma volume and an increase in plasmaosmolarity. How do these changes affect the secretion of ADH? - -Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in plasma osmolarity stimulate ADH secretion 17. Glucose reabsorption occurs primarily in the - -Proximal convoluted tubule 18. Aldosterone, upon secretion by the adrenal cortex, will have what effect on solutemovement in the kidneys? - -K+ loss to the urine, Na+ retention in the plasma 19. Which of the following is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis? - -hypertension 20. Which of the following is NOT a constant finding in nephrotic syndrome? - Hypertension and vasoconstriction 21. Which of the following is an inhibitor of stone formation? - -Uromodulin (Tamm Horsfall proteins) 22. The low hydrostatic pressure, high oncotic (osmotic) pressure vessels that allow forreabsorption of valuable substances from the filtrate are: - -Peritubular capillaries 23. Which of the following does not favor a large glomerular filtration rate? - -High resistance in afferent arterioles 24. The creatinine clearance test is a measure that typically is used to evaluate: - -The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) 25. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II? - -Reduced aldosterone release 26. Urine does not reflux (flow back up) into the ureter because: - -the lower end of the ureter is compressed by the detrusor muscle during micturition 27. The outer capillary epithelium is comprised of _____which fit with others to formfiltration slits. - -Podocytes 28. The intercalated cells function to: - -Reabsorb K+ and secrete H+ 29. The normal fasting glucose concentration is 100 mg/dL, and the renal threshold is 300mg/dl. If the plasma concentration doubles to 200 mg/dl, then: - -The rate at which glucose is reabsorbed will double 30. Overactive bladder syndrome shows which of the following features? - -Frequency, urgency, weak flow and nocturia BIO 669 BIO 669 31. The common cause of pyelonephritis is: - -All of the above 32. Which statement is TRUE regarding Mesangial cells? - -All of the above 33. With regards to the renal system, aging causes: - -decrease in renal blood flow and GFR 34. The ________ are found in the aortic arch and carotid bodies and are sensitive to low O2levels. - -peripheral chemoreceptors 35. Nephroptosis is an abnormal condition in which the kidney droops down into the pelvisand leads to leaking of ureter or vessels. (T/F) - -True 36. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by _____ excretion caused by _____ - protein, glomerular injury 37. Which set of structures comprise the alveolocapillary membrane? - -alveolar wall, capillary wall, shared basement membrane 38. _______ cells secrete H+ and reabsorb K+ and HCO3- - -Intercalated cells 39. The three phases of Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome include allexcept - -cavitation 40. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? - -Hypertrophy of the opposite kidney compensates for loss of function of the kidney with obstructive disease. 41. __________, secreted from the adrenal gland, facilitates tubular reabsorption of fluid bycontrolling sodium retention and the excretion of potassium via epithelial cells in therenal tubules. - -Aldosterone 42. Hallmark signs of nephritic syndrome include all of the following except_____________. - -Hypotension 43. The ___________ is sensitive to changes in __________ - -Juxtaglomerular cell, pressure 44. The Loop of Henle and distal tubule are responsible for which nephron function? - Both C & D 45. The nephrons best able to concentrate the urine are the ________ nephrons. - Juxtamedullary BIO 669 BIO 669 46. A person with Lupus Erythematosus is most likely to have fatal complications arising from: - -Immune complex deposition to the glomeruli, leading to severe glomerulonephritis 47. The osmolarity of tubular fluid increases as it flows through the descending loop of Henlebecause: - -Water moves passively out of the descending limb 48. The area where the blood is filtered and proteins are generally separated from the plasmais the: - -glomerulus 49. Which of the following is NOT associated with chronic kidney disease? - Hypercalcemia 50. Urodilantin is a natriuretic peptide and as such has what effect on the kidneys/nephrons? - -It enhances Na+ secretion and K+ retention 51. Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone release? - -Atrial natriuretic peptide 52. The loss of albumin in the urine will produce all of the following except: - -a. Reduction of mesangial cells and increased podocytes 53. What is a major factor(s) in why females are more prone to getting a UTI than men are? - -both a & b 54. Urinary tract obstruction severity is based on all of the following EXCEPT? - -Size 55. Juxtaglomerular cells are made up of________ cells, they sense pressure in the_________ arterioles, and release ________? - -modified smooth muscle, afferent, renin 56. Urinary calculi are classified by the primary minerals that they are comprised of. Whichare the most and least common types of stones, respectively? - calcium/phosphate & cystine 57. The nephron can perform many functions simultaneously. Which one below is NOT afunction of the nephron: - -all the above are functions of the nephron