Socialization
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED AGENT EXPLANATION
JOCK YOUNG Bulimic Society Media Culture of ‘get rich or die trying.’
LAURA MULVEY Male Gaze Media The Camera ‘eyes up’ females
BOWLES AND GINTIS Hidden Curriculum Schools Socializes students in hidden ways.
PETER WADDINGTON Canteen Culture Workplace Norms and values in workplace
JUDITH HARRIS Peer “Pull” Peers Peers can be more influential.
MODOOD Ethnic Diversity Religion Religion varies in importance.
TONY SEWELL Cultural Comfort Zones Peers We associate with those like us.
Nationality
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED
ANDERSON (1983) English and British are sometimes seen as synonymous.
HALL (1991) Globalization: Cultural Homogenization, Hybridity, & Resistance
HALSEY (2000) Britain has become ‘hopelessly Americanized.’
SARDAR (2002) ‘Global identity crisis’: we must embrace diversity.
KUMAR (2003) The quest to expand ‘Britishness’ may have diluted ‘Englishness.’
, Ethnicity
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED
CASHMORE AND Ethnic minorities have the tendency to ‘turn inwards’ to seek support from
TROYNA (1990) within their own ethnic community.
GILROY (1993) ‘Black Atlantic’: shared experience of racism can create a ‘black’ identity.
JAMES (1993) African-Caribbean shared ‘Oppositional Black Culture’
BACK (1996) ‘Neighbourhood Nationalism’: common identity with people from the same
area
BRAH (1996) ‘Code-switchers’: A more appropriate way to see identities than as a hybrid.
JACOBSON (1997) Because of social exclusion, strong Muslim identity gives British Muslims
security.
MODOOD (1997) The category ‘Asians’ includes different Nationalities, Religions, & Languages
GHUMANN (1999) Tradition, religion, and family are important for second generation Asians.
DERRINGTON AND Traveller Community – Challenges of growing up in a minority ethnic group
KENDALL (2004) influences an individual’s identity.
HEWITT (2005) ‘White Backlash’: achieving equality has been perceived as unfair to the
white community.
SONG AND ARCHER British Chinese – Growing up within ethnic minority groups provides
(2005) challenges that influences an individual’s identity.
PHILLIPS (2008) There is a different discrimination between White and Black residents in
Britain even though they could be from similar ethnic groups.
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED AGENT EXPLANATION
JOCK YOUNG Bulimic Society Media Culture of ‘get rich or die trying.’
LAURA MULVEY Male Gaze Media The Camera ‘eyes up’ females
BOWLES AND GINTIS Hidden Curriculum Schools Socializes students in hidden ways.
PETER WADDINGTON Canteen Culture Workplace Norms and values in workplace
JUDITH HARRIS Peer “Pull” Peers Peers can be more influential.
MODOOD Ethnic Diversity Religion Religion varies in importance.
TONY SEWELL Cultural Comfort Zones Peers We associate with those like us.
Nationality
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED
ANDERSON (1983) English and British are sometimes seen as synonymous.
HALL (1991) Globalization: Cultural Homogenization, Hybridity, & Resistance
HALSEY (2000) Britain has become ‘hopelessly Americanized.’
SARDAR (2002) ‘Global identity crisis’: we must embrace diversity.
KUMAR (2003) The quest to expand ‘Britishness’ may have diluted ‘Englishness.’
, Ethnicity
SOCIOLOGIST WHAT THEY CLAIMED
CASHMORE AND Ethnic minorities have the tendency to ‘turn inwards’ to seek support from
TROYNA (1990) within their own ethnic community.
GILROY (1993) ‘Black Atlantic’: shared experience of racism can create a ‘black’ identity.
JAMES (1993) African-Caribbean shared ‘Oppositional Black Culture’
BACK (1996) ‘Neighbourhood Nationalism’: common identity with people from the same
area
BRAH (1996) ‘Code-switchers’: A more appropriate way to see identities than as a hybrid.
JACOBSON (1997) Because of social exclusion, strong Muslim identity gives British Muslims
security.
MODOOD (1997) The category ‘Asians’ includes different Nationalities, Religions, & Languages
GHUMANN (1999) Tradition, religion, and family are important for second generation Asians.
DERRINGTON AND Traveller Community – Challenges of growing up in a minority ethnic group
KENDALL (2004) influences an individual’s identity.
HEWITT (2005) ‘White Backlash’: achieving equality has been perceived as unfair to the
white community.
SONG AND ARCHER British Chinese – Growing up within ethnic minority groups provides
(2005) challenges that influences an individual’s identity.
PHILLIPS (2008) There is a different discrimination between White and Black residents in
Britain even though they could be from similar ethnic groups.
