GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 EXAM WITH
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
Describe scoronary sartery sdisease, show sit sdevelops, sand sthe spathophysiological
sbasis sof sthe svarious srisk sfactors sthat scan slead sto sthis sdisorder s- scorrect
sanswers s-- sCaused: sby sthe snarrowing sof sthe sarteries sthat ssupply sthe sblood sto
sthey smyocardium. sthis scould sbe sdue sto splaque sbuild sup, sand sfatty smater
- smost scommon sis sarthersclerosis.
- sRisk sfactors: spoor snutrtion/obesity, ssmoking, shigh sLDL, sand slow sHDL.
Myocardial sIschemia s- scorrect sanswers s-- sthe sdecrease sin sthe sblood ssupply sto
sthe sheart swhich sleds sto schest spain sor sangina.
- sS/S: schest sheaviness, spossible spain sin sleft sarm, sshoulder, sjaw sand sneck,
sNausea s& sbreathlessness
Myocardial sinfarction s- scorrect sanswers s-AKA: sheart sattack sIRREVERSIBLE
- sprogressive sischemia swith sdamage sto smyocardium s(myoctye snecrosis)
- sCause: scardiovascular sdisease
,- sS/S: sdyspnea, sdecrease sBP s(scynocpe), snausea, sdiaphoresis, sanxiety, ssudden
ssever schest spain sthat smay sradiate sto sleft sarm
- sWomen: sjaw sand sback sbain
- sMen: schest sdiscomfort, sarm spain, sand sSOB.
- sTests: sEKG
-- sSTEMI- sindicates stransmural sMI
-- sNON sSTEMI- sindicates ssubendocardial sMI
What sare sthe stwo stypes sof smyocardial sinfarctions s- scorrect sanswers s-1.
stransmural s
2. ssubendocardial
Transmural sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-thrombus sremains sand smyocardium sinvolved
stranscend sto sepicardium
- sSTEMI s(ST selevation sin sMI)
-- sQ- swave sMI
Subendocardial sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-thrombus sdislodges sand sonly smyocardium
sdirectly sbeneath sendocardium sinvolved.
- sNON sSTEMI s(no sST selevation sin smycardial sinfarction)
-- snon sQ swave sMI
Transmural sVs. sSubendocardial sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-
Transmural sMI svs. sSubendocardial sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-ALSO sREVIEW
sSLIDE s6
Test sfor sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-Blood stests svalues sincreased
- sTROPONIN sI sAND sT: s12 shours- s2 sweeks s(most sspecific)
- sLDH: s(Lactate sdehydrogenase): s72hrs-10 sdays
-CK-MB s(creatine sphophonkiase- smyocardial sband s: s10 s-48 shrs
MYOGLOBIN: s2hrs- slasts s24 shrs.
* sTROPONIN sAND sCK0MB sARE sTHE sTWO sMAIN sLABS sWE sLOOK sAT sTO
sCONFIRM sHEART sATTACK.
** sreview sslide s22
Treatment sfor sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-ANGIOPLASTY- swith sin s90 smins
- sthrombolytic stherapy- swith sin s3 shours
- scardioportection safter sMI
-- sbeta-blockers: sblocks ssympathetic sinnervation
-- sACE sinhibitors
Angina sPectoris s- scorrect sanswers s-Chest spain scaused sby sREVERSIBLE
smyocardial sischemia
- sS/S: ssudden ssevere schest spain slast s*3-5 sminutes*. spressure/squeezing, sfatigue,
snausea, sSOB.
, - scause: scardiovascular sdisease sor sanemias
- stx: sRest, snitrates s(dialte sarteries sand sviens)
Tests sfor sAngina spectoris s- scorrect sanswers s--EKG- smay sbe snormal
- sstress stests
- scoronary sANGIOGRAPHY sand scardiac scatheterization s
--- sdye swith sx srays sto sshow scoronary slumen
- sCBC
-- sincreased sC sREACTIVE sPROTIEN s(CPR) sINDICATES sINFLAMMATION
sSOMEWHERE sIN sTHE sBODY.
-- sESR- serythrocyte ssedimentation srate. sshows show squickly sred sblood scells speel
sand srop sto sthe sbottome
-
CABG s- scorrect sanswers s-coronary sartery sbypass
- sgraft sinvolves sbypassing smajor sblocks sin sthe sblood svessels sof sthe sheart sto
simprove sblood sflow sto scardiac smuscle
Define sischemia sand sconsequences sof sprolonged sischemia sand show sit srelates sto
satherosclerosis s(cell sdeath). s- scorrect sanswers s-
Normal sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-
Hypokalemia sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-
Congestive sheart sfailure s- scorrect sanswers s-- sDecreased spumping sability sof sthe
sheart sto smeet sdemands sof stissue
- sdecreased scardiac soutput, spooling sin svenous ssystem/organs
- scause: sAtherosclerosis- sCAD, sHTN, svalvular sdisorders, sarrhythmias, sanemia, sMI
- sS/S: sfatigue, sweakness, sdyspnea, sorthopnea, sPINK sFROTHY sSPUTUM, scough,
sedema, sJVD, sPULMONARY sEDEMA, sHPETAOMEGALY. s
- sTestin: sBNP, sCXR, sEKG, sechocardiogram, sejection sfraction
-- scardiac soutput= sstroke svolume sX sheart srate
Left ssided sheart sfailure s- scorrect sanswers s-- sBackward
-- spoor sleft sventricular sfunction
-- sfluid sbacks sup sinto slungs
-Forward
-- spoor sleft sventricular sfunction
-- sdecreases sblood sflow sto ssystemic scirculation
- sblood spools sback sinto slungs
- scyanosis sbecause sO2 scant sreach sthe srest sof sthe sbody
PULMONARY sEDEMA
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
Describe scoronary sartery sdisease, show sit sdevelops, sand sthe spathophysiological
sbasis sof sthe svarious srisk sfactors sthat scan slead sto sthis sdisorder s- scorrect
sanswers s-- sCaused: sby sthe snarrowing sof sthe sarteries sthat ssupply sthe sblood sto
sthey smyocardium. sthis scould sbe sdue sto splaque sbuild sup, sand sfatty smater
- smost scommon sis sarthersclerosis.
- sRisk sfactors: spoor snutrtion/obesity, ssmoking, shigh sLDL, sand slow sHDL.
Myocardial sIschemia s- scorrect sanswers s-- sthe sdecrease sin sthe sblood ssupply sto
sthe sheart swhich sleds sto schest spain sor sangina.
- sS/S: schest sheaviness, spossible spain sin sleft sarm, sshoulder, sjaw sand sneck,
sNausea s& sbreathlessness
Myocardial sinfarction s- scorrect sanswers s-AKA: sheart sattack sIRREVERSIBLE
- sprogressive sischemia swith sdamage sto smyocardium s(myoctye snecrosis)
- sCause: scardiovascular sdisease
,- sS/S: sdyspnea, sdecrease sBP s(scynocpe), snausea, sdiaphoresis, sanxiety, ssudden
ssever schest spain sthat smay sradiate sto sleft sarm
- sWomen: sjaw sand sback sbain
- sMen: schest sdiscomfort, sarm spain, sand sSOB.
- sTests: sEKG
-- sSTEMI- sindicates stransmural sMI
-- sNON sSTEMI- sindicates ssubendocardial sMI
What sare sthe stwo stypes sof smyocardial sinfarctions s- scorrect sanswers s-1.
stransmural s
2. ssubendocardial
Transmural sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-thrombus sremains sand smyocardium sinvolved
stranscend sto sepicardium
- sSTEMI s(ST selevation sin sMI)
-- sQ- swave sMI
Subendocardial sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-thrombus sdislodges sand sonly smyocardium
sdirectly sbeneath sendocardium sinvolved.
- sNON sSTEMI s(no sST selevation sin smycardial sinfarction)
-- snon sQ swave sMI
Transmural sVs. sSubendocardial sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-
Transmural sMI svs. sSubendocardial sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-ALSO sREVIEW
sSLIDE s6
Test sfor sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-Blood stests svalues sincreased
- sTROPONIN sI sAND sT: s12 shours- s2 sweeks s(most sspecific)
- sLDH: s(Lactate sdehydrogenase): s72hrs-10 sdays
-CK-MB s(creatine sphophonkiase- smyocardial sband s: s10 s-48 shrs
MYOGLOBIN: s2hrs- slasts s24 shrs.
* sTROPONIN sAND sCK0MB sARE sTHE sTWO sMAIN sLABS sWE sLOOK sAT sTO
sCONFIRM sHEART sATTACK.
** sreview sslide s22
Treatment sfor sMI s- scorrect sanswers s-ANGIOPLASTY- swith sin s90 smins
- sthrombolytic stherapy- swith sin s3 shours
- scardioportection safter sMI
-- sbeta-blockers: sblocks ssympathetic sinnervation
-- sACE sinhibitors
Angina sPectoris s- scorrect sanswers s-Chest spain scaused sby sREVERSIBLE
smyocardial sischemia
- sS/S: ssudden ssevere schest spain slast s*3-5 sminutes*. spressure/squeezing, sfatigue,
snausea, sSOB.
, - scause: scardiovascular sdisease sor sanemias
- stx: sRest, snitrates s(dialte sarteries sand sviens)
Tests sfor sAngina spectoris s- scorrect sanswers s--EKG- smay sbe snormal
- sstress stests
- scoronary sANGIOGRAPHY sand scardiac scatheterization s
--- sdye swith sx srays sto sshow scoronary slumen
- sCBC
-- sincreased sC sREACTIVE sPROTIEN s(CPR) sINDICATES sINFLAMMATION
sSOMEWHERE sIN sTHE sBODY.
-- sESR- serythrocyte ssedimentation srate. sshows show squickly sred sblood scells speel
sand srop sto sthe sbottome
-
CABG s- scorrect sanswers s-coronary sartery sbypass
- sgraft sinvolves sbypassing smajor sblocks sin sthe sblood svessels sof sthe sheart sto
simprove sblood sflow sto scardiac smuscle
Define sischemia sand sconsequences sof sprolonged sischemia sand show sit srelates sto
satherosclerosis s(cell sdeath). s- scorrect sanswers s-
Normal sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-
Hypokalemia sEKG s- scorrect sanswers s-
Congestive sheart sfailure s- scorrect sanswers s-- sDecreased spumping sability sof sthe
sheart sto smeet sdemands sof stissue
- sdecreased scardiac soutput, spooling sin svenous ssystem/organs
- scause: sAtherosclerosis- sCAD, sHTN, svalvular sdisorders, sarrhythmias, sanemia, sMI
- sS/S: sfatigue, sweakness, sdyspnea, sorthopnea, sPINK sFROTHY sSPUTUM, scough,
sedema, sJVD, sPULMONARY sEDEMA, sHPETAOMEGALY. s
- sTestin: sBNP, sCXR, sEKG, sechocardiogram, sejection sfraction
-- scardiac soutput= sstroke svolume sX sheart srate
Left ssided sheart sfailure s- scorrect sanswers s-- sBackward
-- spoor sleft sventricular sfunction
-- sfluid sbacks sup sinto slungs
-Forward
-- spoor sleft sventricular sfunction
-- sdecreases sblood sflow sto ssystemic scirculation
- sblood spools sback sinto slungs
- scyanosis sbecause sO2 scant sreach sthe srest sof sthe sbody
PULMONARY sEDEMA
