NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 | Questions and Answers

NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 | Questions and Answers The best fluid to order in a patient with sickle cell disease who is experiencing an acute vaso-occlusive crisis is a _________________ solution Hypotonic Malignant transformation of lymphocytes to Reed Sternberg cells occurs in _________________________________ Hodgkin's lymphoma An adult patient with sickle cell anemia is at the greatest risk for which type of infection? Pneumoccoccal ________ is released in acute inflammation and _________ is released later in the inflammatory process. IL-4; IL-3 Describes the adherence of white blood cells to the vascular wall and their crossing over to the site of injury Diapedesis Hemolytic anemia of the newborn results from a _____________ immune response mounted by the _________ Secondary; mother anamnestic response Upon second encounter with same pathogen immune system mounts a faster and more intense response systemic lupus erythematosus Antibody nucleic acid immune complexes are deposited throughout the body and trigger an immune response. humoral immunity specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids cell mediated immunity type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells Which type of immunity is responsible for organ transplantation rejection? Cell Mediated active acquired immunity a form of long-term, acquired immunity that protects the body against a new infection as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after an initial infection or artificially after a vaccination passive acquired immunity a form of immunity where the fetus receives antibodies made by the mother through breast milk or through placental transfer. self antigens any molecule or chemical group of an organism which acts as an antigen in inducing antibody formation in another organism but to which the healthy immune system of the parent organism is tolerant Allergen a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual IgA Prevents microorganisms from attaching to mucous membranes IgM Antibody produced early in the primary immune response. High level = recent infection IgG Most abundant antibody, primary antibody of secondary immune response, long lasting immunity, levels are elevated LATER in an infection IgG The only antibody that crosses the placenta IgE Antibody involved in response to parasitic infections and hypersensitivity reactions T cytotoxic cells CD8+ or TC cells Target cells are self carrying endogenous antigens Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) CTLs recognize Ag + MHC I Induce apoptosis in target cell CTL releases perforin and granzymes NK cells Cells responsible for immune surveillance T regulatory cells Cells that regulate the immune response to avoid attacking "self" T helper cells Cells that release signaling molecules to stimulate the immune response, a type of cytokine B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances Ig__ produced by fetus in last trimester as primary immune response. Unable to produce significant amount of Ig__. Unable to produce Ig__. 12 M; G; A By middle age ______ has shrunk to only 15% max size resulting in decreased ____________ differentiation. Thymus; T-cell mast cells found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine Histamine 1 Found in smooth muscle of vascular system and bronchial tree Causes many of symptoms of allergic rhinitis Histamine 2 Found in stomach Responsible for peptic ulcers Cytokines Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system. Leukotrienes Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions. Prostaglandins A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals derived from fatty acids that have a wide variety of biological effects including roles in inflammation, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more. chemotactic factors attract phagocytes to area of inflammation platelet activating factor Inflammatory mediator generated from a complex lipid stored in cell membranes. Affects a number of cell types, induces platelet aggregation, activates neutrophils, and is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. neutrophils A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Monocytes A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time complement immunity a primary mediator of the humoral immune response that enables the body to produce inflammation and help the localization of an infective agent kinin system system activated by Hageman factor as part of the inflammatory response; includes bradykinin coagulation cascade The series of steps beginning with the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation and proceeding through the formation of a fibrin clot Arachidonic Acid Pathway produced when there is a tissue injury. arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce inflammatory mediators Which two inflammatory mediators are produced in the arachidonic acid pathway? prostaglandins and leukotrienes The only selective COX 2 inhibitor still available for use due to blocking of the inflammatory functions of ___________________________ and risk for _________ impairment and increase in ______________ events. Celebrex (celecoxib); prostaglandins; renal; cardiac Inhibit both Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzymes -reduces levels of protective -causes increases gastric acid secretion, __________ bicarbonate secretion, ____________ mucous secretion leading to formation of gastric __________. NSAIDs (Non-Selective); prostaglandins; decreased; decreased; ulcers Aspirin: Blocks Cox 1, Cox 2 or both? Both systemic lupus erythematosus chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs Vasculitis inflammation of blood vessels seen in SLE rheumatoid arthritis chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening, especially in the small joints of the hands and feet Gene associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. HLA-DRB1 gene Risk of rheumatoid arthritis is ____________ in women who breast feed Lower forms when antibodies bind to antigens, seen in rheumatoid arthritis and deposited in the synovial membranes. Membranes are then flooded with TA-cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and the inflammatory process is started causing __________ damage. antigen-antibody complex; damage Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species Alloimmunity Hemolytic disease that occurs when the mother's blood type is O and the newborn's is A, B, or AB ABO incompatibility a condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death, usually impacts the ________ child. Rh incompatibility; second Targeted response for transplant organ rejection HLA Once an organ is transplanted, the HLA is presented as the antigen to _____________ and _______________ cells which triggers T-cell proliferation. CD4; CD8 Th1 cells initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages Th2 cells Stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies