HDFS COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
What are the five levels? - Answers :1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
What do we need in each level of the Hierarchy of Needs? - Answers :1. Air, water,
food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
2. personal security, employment, resources, health, property
3. friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
4. respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
5. desire to become the most that one can be
What is the Family Systems Theory? Apply it. - Answers :The family systems theory is a
theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be
understood in isolation from one another, but rather as part of their family, as the family
is an emotional unit
The family systems theory states that a family functions as a system wherein each
member plays a specific role and must follow certain rules. Based on the roles within
the system, people are expected to interact with and respond to one another in a certain
way.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - Answers :the approach that emphasizes how
cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of
a culture
What does ZPD stand for and what does it mean? - Answers :zone of proximal
development
These are tasks that children can do with guided help but not alone. An example of this
would be a puzzle.
Inside: I can do these by myself
Middle: I can do these with some help
Outside: I can't do these, even with help
Scaffolding - Answers :Scaffolding is the assistance provided during zpd task. An
example of this would be a more skilled individual helping the child complete the puzzle.
Attachment Theory (Bowlby) - Answers :It is the tendency in human beings to make
strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety.
,Internal Working Models (Attachment Theory) - Answers :Internal working model of
attachment is a psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of
mental representations, specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of
others' reactions to the self. (bowlby)
Bioecological theory - Answers :Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in
terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected
contexts
Person-process-context model - Answers :Experiences of youth in different family
contexts may differ depending on their personal characteristics.
levels of analysis - Answers :The Levels of Analysis, often abbreviated to LOA, are the
various ways of observation in psychology. The three LOAs are biological, cognitive,
and sociocultural. Biological is observing the physical aspects of the brain, such as
physiology and chemicals.
Piaget: schemes - Answers :cognitive structures (pervasive thought patterns) that first
appear during childhood and help children organize knowledge.
Assimilation:
Adaptation:
Parts of schemes and how they can develop with age: - Answers :Schemes change with
age because they are built through interactions that we have with out environment.
There are two main sections to schemes; adaptation and organization. Adaptation is the
direct connection to the environment. Adaptation has two sub-sections; assimilation and
accommodation. Assimilation is when you use the same scheme or old scheme. An
example of this would be a child going to the zoo, sees a zebra, and calls it a horse.
The child used an old scheme and connected a zebra and a horse. Accomodation is
when you change/crate or adjust old schemes. An example if this would be when a child
is at the zoo, sees a puma, and understands that it is a type of cat. The child
understands subcategories. The second main part of schemes is organization. This is
when the child can rearrange and link schemes. An example of this would be the child
after the zoo making connections to things around them.
adaptation, assimilation, accommodation - Answers :According to Piaget, cognitive
development occurs when a state of disequilibrium brought on by a discrepancy
between the person's current understanding of the world and reality is resolved through
adaptation, which entails two complementary processes: Assimilation is the
incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation
is the modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge.
Piaget: Stage names, developmental period, and two key components - Answers
:Sensorimotor:
, infant and toddlers
Learn through senses, object permanence (understanding something is there when not
visible)
Preoperational:
Preschool
Can't do conservation
Egocentric thinking (not being able to see another person's view point)
Concrete operational:
Elementary
Can do conservation
thoughts are more logical and organized
Formal operational:
Adolescents
Abstract thinking
deducing hypotheses from general theory
Erikson: Stage name, developmental period, and two key components - Answers :Trust
vs. mistrust:
infants
Trust developed by being given affection
w/o affection and love, mistrust develops
Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
Toddlers
Developing independence
if a child is not allowed to have independence, shame and doubt develop
Initiative vs. guilt:
preschool
becomes assertive
too much power leads to guilt
Industry vs inferiority:
Middle childhood
Developing new demands and confidence
Pessimism and lack of confidence in ability to do things
Behaviorism/learning theories - Answers :These all describe ways in which children
learn from their environment. These are important in understanding many aspects of
social development.
B & L: Conditioning - Answers :Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental
factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate or inherited factors. This
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
What are the five levels? - Answers :1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
What do we need in each level of the Hierarchy of Needs? - Answers :1. Air, water,
food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
2. personal security, employment, resources, health, property
3. friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
4. respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
5. desire to become the most that one can be
What is the Family Systems Theory? Apply it. - Answers :The family systems theory is a
theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be
understood in isolation from one another, but rather as part of their family, as the family
is an emotional unit
The family systems theory states that a family functions as a system wherein each
member plays a specific role and must follow certain rules. Based on the roles within
the system, people are expected to interact with and respond to one another in a certain
way.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - Answers :the approach that emphasizes how
cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of
a culture
What does ZPD stand for and what does it mean? - Answers :zone of proximal
development
These are tasks that children can do with guided help but not alone. An example of this
would be a puzzle.
Inside: I can do these by myself
Middle: I can do these with some help
Outside: I can't do these, even with help
Scaffolding - Answers :Scaffolding is the assistance provided during zpd task. An
example of this would be a more skilled individual helping the child complete the puzzle.
Attachment Theory (Bowlby) - Answers :It is the tendency in human beings to make
strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety.
,Internal Working Models (Attachment Theory) - Answers :Internal working model of
attachment is a psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of
mental representations, specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of
others' reactions to the self. (bowlby)
Bioecological theory - Answers :Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in
terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected
contexts
Person-process-context model - Answers :Experiences of youth in different family
contexts may differ depending on their personal characteristics.
levels of analysis - Answers :The Levels of Analysis, often abbreviated to LOA, are the
various ways of observation in psychology. The three LOAs are biological, cognitive,
and sociocultural. Biological is observing the physical aspects of the brain, such as
physiology and chemicals.
Piaget: schemes - Answers :cognitive structures (pervasive thought patterns) that first
appear during childhood and help children organize knowledge.
Assimilation:
Adaptation:
Parts of schemes and how they can develop with age: - Answers :Schemes change with
age because they are built through interactions that we have with out environment.
There are two main sections to schemes; adaptation and organization. Adaptation is the
direct connection to the environment. Adaptation has two sub-sections; assimilation and
accommodation. Assimilation is when you use the same scheme or old scheme. An
example of this would be a child going to the zoo, sees a zebra, and calls it a horse.
The child used an old scheme and connected a zebra and a horse. Accomodation is
when you change/crate or adjust old schemes. An example if this would be when a child
is at the zoo, sees a puma, and understands that it is a type of cat. The child
understands subcategories. The second main part of schemes is organization. This is
when the child can rearrange and link schemes. An example of this would be the child
after the zoo making connections to things around them.
adaptation, assimilation, accommodation - Answers :According to Piaget, cognitive
development occurs when a state of disequilibrium brought on by a discrepancy
between the person's current understanding of the world and reality is resolved through
adaptation, which entails two complementary processes: Assimilation is the
incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation
is the modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge.
Piaget: Stage names, developmental period, and two key components - Answers
:Sensorimotor:
, infant and toddlers
Learn through senses, object permanence (understanding something is there when not
visible)
Preoperational:
Preschool
Can't do conservation
Egocentric thinking (not being able to see another person's view point)
Concrete operational:
Elementary
Can do conservation
thoughts are more logical and organized
Formal operational:
Adolescents
Abstract thinking
deducing hypotheses from general theory
Erikson: Stage name, developmental period, and two key components - Answers :Trust
vs. mistrust:
infants
Trust developed by being given affection
w/o affection and love, mistrust develops
Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
Toddlers
Developing independence
if a child is not allowed to have independence, shame and doubt develop
Initiative vs. guilt:
preschool
becomes assertive
too much power leads to guilt
Industry vs inferiority:
Middle childhood
Developing new demands and confidence
Pessimism and lack of confidence in ability to do things
Behaviorism/learning theories - Answers :These all describe ways in which children
learn from their environment. These are important in understanding many aspects of
social development.
B & L: Conditioning - Answers :Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental
factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate or inherited factors. This
