NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm
Review 2025/2026 Exam Questions and
Verified Answers | Already Graded A+
what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pharmacokinetics
what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific medication
dose in treating a disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pharmacodynamics
-Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
*Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation* - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Bioavailability
LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ex. Simvastatin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Lower bioavailability
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass
effect
ex. Atorvastatin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Higher bioavailability
Time to maximum drug level observed - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Tmax
maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Cmax
Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body; the
volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed
to produce the observed blood concentration
ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Volume
of distribution
-Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
-Older adults get more dehydrated
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,-Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and older
adults get
-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is
freer drug available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum
albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is slower
transformation and longer half lives - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Volume of distribution:
age related changes
Aging
-less free water, more body fat
-lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Factors that influence volume
of distribution
Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -occurs prior to entering GI tract
Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔First Pass Effect (pre-systemic
elimination)
Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Agonists
Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous
activity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Antagonist
small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Review 2025/2026 Exam Questions and
Verified Answers | Already Graded A+
what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pharmacokinetics
what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific medication
dose in treating a disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pharmacodynamics
-Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
*Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation* - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Bioavailability
LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ex. Simvastatin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Lower bioavailability
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass
effect
ex. Atorvastatin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Higher bioavailability
Time to maximum drug level observed - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Tmax
maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Cmax
Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body; the
volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed
to produce the observed blood concentration
ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Volume
of distribution
-Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
-Older adults get more dehydrated
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,-Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and older
adults get
-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is
freer drug available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum
albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is slower
transformation and longer half lives - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Volume of distribution:
age related changes
Aging
-less free water, more body fat
-lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Factors that influence volume
of distribution
Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -occurs prior to entering GI tract
Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔First Pass Effect (pre-systemic
elimination)
Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Agonists
Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous
activity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Antagonist
small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
