PHC 4101 Module 6 Quiz well answered
to pass
Trends in International Health: 1940-1950 - correct answer ✔✔- Model: intergovernmental,
reconstruction
- Focus: peace; economic and political stability
- Theme: international cooperation
- Agents: American and European governments
- Events: Bretton Woods, United Nations, WHO
World Health Organization (WHO) - correct answer ✔✔- UN general assembly 1946: "To call for
an international conference to consider the scope of, and the appropriate machinery for,
international action in the field of public health and proposals for the establishment of a single
international health organization of the United Nations"
- WHO is established in NY, April 7, 1948 since then, World Health Day
Creation of World Health Organization - correct answer ✔✔- 1948 WHO formally established as
a specialized agency of UN
- unification of 3 international agencies concerned with hygiene, public health and health
emergencies:
-> Office of International Public Hygiene (Paris)
-> League of Nations Health Organization (Geneva)
,-> UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA, NYC)
Trends in International Health 1950-1970s Era of Consolidation - correct answer ✔✔- Model:
Medical
- Focus: Diseases
- Themes: Health and development; institution building
- Agents: UN; WHO; Governmental orgs
- Events: Decolonization; Cold war; international voting blocs; world conferences
WHO in 1960s and 70s - correct answer ✔✔- Influenced by political events including:
-> emergence from decolonization of African nations
-> nationalist and socialist mvmts (mainly supported by non-aligned countries)
-> new theories of long term socioeconomic growth as opposed to short term technical
interventions
Trends in International Health 1970s-1980s Era of Programs and Projects - correct answer ✔✔-
Model: community
- Focus: clients
- Themes: primary health care; child survival; health for all by year 2000; community
empowerment; women's issues
, - Agents: WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, governments, donors, NGOs
- Events: Alma Ata, smallpox, eradication
Alma Ata - correct answer ✔✔- International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC) was
held in Alma Ata, September 1978
-> first time representatives from all countries in world met to define a reference structure for
promotion of health care for all
-> first time that health care problems of poorest countries were seriously taken into
consideration
-> focus on primary health care
-> health needs and development were strongly linked
-> reaffirmed health as "state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not only the absence of
disease or infirmity" and a fundamental human right
-> access to highest level of health was also seen as an extremely important social objective of
global interest that presupposed the participation of numerous social and economic sectors, not
only health sector
Contrary to Alma Ata - correct answer ✔✔- Selective rather than comprehensive came to light
one year after Alma Ata, with focus on cost-efficiency
- Vaccinations
- Breast feeding practices
- Anti-malaria activities
- Oral rehydration therapy
Selective PHC - correct answer ✔✔Growth charts to monitor nutrition replaced anti-malarial
activities, and these became focus of international health efforts
to pass
Trends in International Health: 1940-1950 - correct answer ✔✔- Model: intergovernmental,
reconstruction
- Focus: peace; economic and political stability
- Theme: international cooperation
- Agents: American and European governments
- Events: Bretton Woods, United Nations, WHO
World Health Organization (WHO) - correct answer ✔✔- UN general assembly 1946: "To call for
an international conference to consider the scope of, and the appropriate machinery for,
international action in the field of public health and proposals for the establishment of a single
international health organization of the United Nations"
- WHO is established in NY, April 7, 1948 since then, World Health Day
Creation of World Health Organization - correct answer ✔✔- 1948 WHO formally established as
a specialized agency of UN
- unification of 3 international agencies concerned with hygiene, public health and health
emergencies:
-> Office of International Public Hygiene (Paris)
-> League of Nations Health Organization (Geneva)
,-> UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA, NYC)
Trends in International Health 1950-1970s Era of Consolidation - correct answer ✔✔- Model:
Medical
- Focus: Diseases
- Themes: Health and development; institution building
- Agents: UN; WHO; Governmental orgs
- Events: Decolonization; Cold war; international voting blocs; world conferences
WHO in 1960s and 70s - correct answer ✔✔- Influenced by political events including:
-> emergence from decolonization of African nations
-> nationalist and socialist mvmts (mainly supported by non-aligned countries)
-> new theories of long term socioeconomic growth as opposed to short term technical
interventions
Trends in International Health 1970s-1980s Era of Programs and Projects - correct answer ✔✔-
Model: community
- Focus: clients
- Themes: primary health care; child survival; health for all by year 2000; community
empowerment; women's issues
, - Agents: WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, governments, donors, NGOs
- Events: Alma Ata, smallpox, eradication
Alma Ata - correct answer ✔✔- International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC) was
held in Alma Ata, September 1978
-> first time representatives from all countries in world met to define a reference structure for
promotion of health care for all
-> first time that health care problems of poorest countries were seriously taken into
consideration
-> focus on primary health care
-> health needs and development were strongly linked
-> reaffirmed health as "state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not only the absence of
disease or infirmity" and a fundamental human right
-> access to highest level of health was also seen as an extremely important social objective of
global interest that presupposed the participation of numerous social and economic sectors, not
only health sector
Contrary to Alma Ata - correct answer ✔✔- Selective rather than comprehensive came to light
one year after Alma Ata, with focus on cost-efficiency
- Vaccinations
- Breast feeding practices
- Anti-malaria activities
- Oral rehydration therapy
Selective PHC - correct answer ✔✔Growth charts to monitor nutrition replaced anti-malarial
activities, and these became focus of international health efforts
