MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION
r r r r r r
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
r r r r r
© rGarland rScience r2015
1 Scientists rdiscover rmore rthan rten rthousand rnew rspecies rof rliving rorganisms revery ryear.
r What ris rshared rbetween rall rof rthese rorganisms?
A. They rare rmade rof rcells, rwhose rnuclei renclose rtheir rDNA.
B. They robtain rtheir renergy rfrom rsunlight.
C. They rproduce rand ruse radenosine rtriphosphate r(ATP).
D. Their rgenome rcontains rat rleast r1000 rgenes.
E. All rof rthe rabove.
2 All rcells r…
A. have rmembrane rtransport rproteins.
B. synthesize rproteins ron rthe rribosome.
C. replicate rtheir rgenome rby rDNA rpolymerization.
D. transcribe rtheir rgenetic rinformation rby rRNA rpolymerization.
E. All rof rthe rabove.
3 Imagine ra rsegment rof rDNA r(within ra rgene) rencoding ra rcertain ramount rof rinformation rin
rits rnucleotide rsequence. rWhen rthis rsegment ris rfully rtranscribed rinto rmRNA rand rthen rtranslated
rinto rprotein, rin rgeneral, r…
A. the rprotein rsequence rwould rcarry rmore rinformation rcompared rto rthe rDNA rand rmRNA
rsequences, rbecause rits ralphabet rhas r20 rletters.
r B. r the rprotein rsequence rwould rcarry rless rinformation rcompared rto rthe rDNA rand rmRNA
sequences, rbecause rseveral rcodons rcan rcorrespond rto rone ramino racid.
r
C. the ramount rof rinformation rin rthe rmRNA rsequence ris rlower, rbecause rthe rmRNA rhas
rbeen rtranscribed rusing ronly rone rof rthe rDNA rstrands ras rthe rtemplate.
D. the ramount rof rinformation rin rthe rmRNA rsequence ris rhigher, rbecause rseveral rmRNA
rmolecules rcan rbe rtranscribed rfrom rone rDNA rmolecule.
4 Which rof rthe rfollowing rprocesses rthat rhappens rinside ra rcell rDOES rNOT rnormally rrequire
rconsumption rof rfree renergy rby rthe rcell?
, A. Replication rof rthe rgenetic rmaterial
B. Import rof rnutrients rfrom rthe renvironment
C. Diffusion rof rsmall rmolecules rwithin rthe rcell
D. Regulation rof rgene rexpression
E. Synthesis rof renzymes rthat rcatalyze rcellular rreactions
5 Which rof rthe rfollowing rwould ryou rNr OT rexpect rto rfind rin ra rbacterial rcell?
A. Swimming rusing rflagella
B. Having ra rcell rwall raround rthe rplasma rmembrane
r C. r ATP rproduction rin rmitochondria
D. Protein rproduction ron rthe rribosome
E. Sexual rexchange rof rDNA rwith rother rbacteria
6 To rtrace rfamily rrelationships rbetween rdistantly rrelated rorganisms rsuch ras rhumans, ralgae,
rbacteria, rand rarchaea, rone rshould rcompare rtheir rgenomes rin rregions r…
A. that revolve rrapidly.
B. that rhave ra rhigher rmutation rrate.
C. that rcode rfor rproteins.
D. where rmutations rare rhardly rtolerated.
E. where rmost rmutations rare rselectively rneutral.
7 Laboratory rstrains rof rthe rmodel rorganism rEscherichia rcoli rthat rare rresistant rto rantibiotics
rare rvery roften rused rin rresearch rlaboratories ras rwell ras rin rthe rbiotechnology rindustry. r If rcultures
r of rsuch rbacteria rwere rallowed rto rcontaminate rthe renvironment runcontrollably, rit ris rpossible rthat
r at rsome rpoint, rpathogenic rbacteria rsuch ras rNeisseria rmeningitidis r(which rcauses rmeningitis rand
rcan rcause rdeath, respecially rin rchildren) rcould racquire rthe rsame rantibiotic-resistance rgene,
r causing ra rmeningitis routbreak rthat ris rdifficult rto rtreat. rIn rthis rscenario, rwhich rof rthe rfollowing
rmechanisms ris ra rmore rlikely rsource rof rthe rantibiotic-resistance rgene rin rN. rmeningitidis?
A. Random rnew rgene rgeneration
B. Intragenic rmutation
C. Gene rduplication
D. DNA rsegment rshuffling
E. Horizontal rgene rtransfer
8 A rvirus r…
A. is ra rtype rof rcell.
, B. has rgenetic rmaterial rmade rof rproteins.
C. can ronly rinfect ra rsingle rhost rspecies.
D. can ract ras ra rvector rfor rgene rtransfer.
E. cannot rpersist rin rits rhost rfor rmore rthan rone rcell rgeneration.
9 Which rof rthe rfollowing rdoes rNOT rtypically rinvolve rhorizontal rgene rtransfer?
A. Sexual rreproduction rin rhumans
B. Bacteriophage rinfection rof rbacteria
C. The revolutionary rhistory rof rthe reukaryotic rcell
D. The raccidental rduplication rof ra rsmall rregion rof ra rbacterial rchromosome rfollowed rby
r cell rdivision
E. Introduction rof rplasmids rinto rbacteria rin ra rlaboratory
10 Gene rduplication rcan rgive rrise rto rhomologous rgenes rthat rare rpart rof rgene rfamilies. rFor
rexample, rthere rare rsix ractin rgenes rin rthe rgenome rof rmost rmammalian rspecies. rIn rhumans, rthe
rACTB rgene, rwhich rencodes ra rcytoskeletal ractin, ris rexpressed rubiquitously, rwhile rACTC1 ris
rexpressed rmainly rin rcardiac rcells. rAlthough rbacteria rlack rthe reukaryotic rcytoskeletal
r organization, rthe rbacterial rMreB rgene rbears rrecognizable rsequence rsimilarity rto rmammalian ractin
rgenes rand rcodes rfor ra rprotein rthat ris rsimilar rto ractin rin rstructure rand rfunction. rWhich rof rthe
rfollowing rstatements ris rtrue rabout rthese rgenes?
A. ACTB ris rhomologous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
B. ACTB ris rorthologous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
C. ACTB ris rparalogous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
D. MreB ris rorthologous rto rACTB rbut rnot rto rACTC1.
E. ACTB ris rparalogous rto rboth rACTC1 rand rMreB.
11 Out rof rnearly r5000 rprotein-coding rgene rfamilies, rthere ris ra rset rof rnearly r300 rconserved
rgene rfamilies rthat rare rfound rin rspecies rfrom rall rdomains rof rlife. rWhen rone rlooks rat rthe rgeneral
r functions rassigned rto rthese rgene rfamilies, rit ris rfound rthat r…
A. the rmajority rof rthem rfunction rin rcell-to-cell rsignaling.
B. the rmajority rof rthem rare rpoorly rcharacterized.
C. more r than r one-third r of r them r are r involved r in r translation r or r amino r acid r transport
r and rmr etabolism.
D. more r than r one-half r of r the r shared r families r are r involved r in r DNA r replication
r and r transcription.
E. Nearly rall rof rthem rare rinvolved rin renergy rproduction rand rcarbohydrate rmetabolism.
, 12 Which rof rthe rfollowing ris rtrue rregarding rEscherichia rcoli?
A. Most rof rour runderstanding rabout rmitosis rcomes rfrom rstudies ron rthis rmodel rorganism.
B. It r is r a r rod-shaped r bacterium r that r can r only r grow r in r the r gut r of r humans r and
r other rvertebrates.
C. Two rstrains rof rE. rcoli rcan rdiffer rby rup rto r0.1% rin rtheir rgenomes.
rDr . r E. rcoli rstrain r K-12 rencodes rabout r4300 rproteins.
E. r The rE. rcoli r(strain rK-12) rgenome ris rabout r430 rmillion rnucleotide rpairs rlong.
13 Which rof rthe rfollowing ris rNOT rtrue rregarding rthe rtree rof rlife?
A. Most rbacteria rand rarchaea rhave r1000 rto r6000 rgenes rin rtheir rgenomes.
B. Eukaryotes r are r more r similar r to r archaea r than r to r bacteria r with r respect r to r the
r proteins rthat ract ron rtheir rDNA.
C. Most rbacteria rand rarchaea rhave rgenome rsizes rbetween rone rand rten rmillion rnucleotide
rpairs, rwhereas reukaryotic rgenomes rcan rbe rmillions rof rtimes rlarger.
D. Archaeal r species r were r thought r to r belong r to r the r eukaryotic r world r before
r sequence ranalysis rplaced rthem rin ra rseparate rdomain rof rlife.
E. Photosynthetic rbacteria rare rthought rto rbe rthe rancestors rof rthe reukaryotic rchloroplasts.
14 A rmutation rin rthe rcdc28 rgene rin rthe rbudding ryeast rSaccharomyces rcerevisiae rcauses rcell-
rcycle rarrest, rgiving rrise r to runbudded rcells rthat rlook rlike r―dumbbells.‖ rTreatment rof rwild-type
rcells rwith rnocodazole, ra rdrug rthat rdestabilizes rsome rcytoskeletal rpolymers, r leads rto ra rsimilar
rphenotype. rBased ronly ron rthese robservations, rwhich rstatement ris rtrue rregarding rcdc28?
A. cdc28 rcodes rfor ra rmaster rregulatory rkinase rthat rphosphorylates rother rproteins.
B. Nocodazole rbinds rto rthe rprotein rcoded rby rthe rcdc28 rgene.
C. The rproduct rof rthe rcdc28 rgene ris rresponsible rfor rresistance rto rnocodazole.
D. The rproduct rof rthe rcdc28 rgene ris rinvolved rin rcell rcycle rregulation.
E. The r product r of r cdc28 r destabilizes r the r same r cytoskeletal r polymers r that
r nocodazole ralso rdestabilizes.
15 Which rof rthe rfollowing rstructures ris rexclusively rfound rin reukaryotic rcells?
A. Plasma rmembrane
B. Cell rwall
C. Chromosome
D. Ribosome
E. Lysosome
r r r r r r
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
r r r r r
© rGarland rScience r2015
1 Scientists rdiscover rmore rthan rten rthousand rnew rspecies rof rliving rorganisms revery ryear.
r What ris rshared rbetween rall rof rthese rorganisms?
A. They rare rmade rof rcells, rwhose rnuclei renclose rtheir rDNA.
B. They robtain rtheir renergy rfrom rsunlight.
C. They rproduce rand ruse radenosine rtriphosphate r(ATP).
D. Their rgenome rcontains rat rleast r1000 rgenes.
E. All rof rthe rabove.
2 All rcells r…
A. have rmembrane rtransport rproteins.
B. synthesize rproteins ron rthe rribosome.
C. replicate rtheir rgenome rby rDNA rpolymerization.
D. transcribe rtheir rgenetic rinformation rby rRNA rpolymerization.
E. All rof rthe rabove.
3 Imagine ra rsegment rof rDNA r(within ra rgene) rencoding ra rcertain ramount rof rinformation rin
rits rnucleotide rsequence. rWhen rthis rsegment ris rfully rtranscribed rinto rmRNA rand rthen rtranslated
rinto rprotein, rin rgeneral, r…
A. the rprotein rsequence rwould rcarry rmore rinformation rcompared rto rthe rDNA rand rmRNA
rsequences, rbecause rits ralphabet rhas r20 rletters.
r B. r the rprotein rsequence rwould rcarry rless rinformation rcompared rto rthe rDNA rand rmRNA
sequences, rbecause rseveral rcodons rcan rcorrespond rto rone ramino racid.
r
C. the ramount rof rinformation rin rthe rmRNA rsequence ris rlower, rbecause rthe rmRNA rhas
rbeen rtranscribed rusing ronly rone rof rthe rDNA rstrands ras rthe rtemplate.
D. the ramount rof rinformation rin rthe rmRNA rsequence ris rhigher, rbecause rseveral rmRNA
rmolecules rcan rbe rtranscribed rfrom rone rDNA rmolecule.
4 Which rof rthe rfollowing rprocesses rthat rhappens rinside ra rcell rDOES rNOT rnormally rrequire
rconsumption rof rfree renergy rby rthe rcell?
, A. Replication rof rthe rgenetic rmaterial
B. Import rof rnutrients rfrom rthe renvironment
C. Diffusion rof rsmall rmolecules rwithin rthe rcell
D. Regulation rof rgene rexpression
E. Synthesis rof renzymes rthat rcatalyze rcellular rreactions
5 Which rof rthe rfollowing rwould ryou rNr OT rexpect rto rfind rin ra rbacterial rcell?
A. Swimming rusing rflagella
B. Having ra rcell rwall raround rthe rplasma rmembrane
r C. r ATP rproduction rin rmitochondria
D. Protein rproduction ron rthe rribosome
E. Sexual rexchange rof rDNA rwith rother rbacteria
6 To rtrace rfamily rrelationships rbetween rdistantly rrelated rorganisms rsuch ras rhumans, ralgae,
rbacteria, rand rarchaea, rone rshould rcompare rtheir rgenomes rin rregions r…
A. that revolve rrapidly.
B. that rhave ra rhigher rmutation rrate.
C. that rcode rfor rproteins.
D. where rmutations rare rhardly rtolerated.
E. where rmost rmutations rare rselectively rneutral.
7 Laboratory rstrains rof rthe rmodel rorganism rEscherichia rcoli rthat rare rresistant rto rantibiotics
rare rvery roften rused rin rresearch rlaboratories ras rwell ras rin rthe rbiotechnology rindustry. r If rcultures
r of rsuch rbacteria rwere rallowed rto rcontaminate rthe renvironment runcontrollably, rit ris rpossible rthat
r at rsome rpoint, rpathogenic rbacteria rsuch ras rNeisseria rmeningitidis r(which rcauses rmeningitis rand
rcan rcause rdeath, respecially rin rchildren) rcould racquire rthe rsame rantibiotic-resistance rgene,
r causing ra rmeningitis routbreak rthat ris rdifficult rto rtreat. rIn rthis rscenario, rwhich rof rthe rfollowing
rmechanisms ris ra rmore rlikely rsource rof rthe rantibiotic-resistance rgene rin rN. rmeningitidis?
A. Random rnew rgene rgeneration
B. Intragenic rmutation
C. Gene rduplication
D. DNA rsegment rshuffling
E. Horizontal rgene rtransfer
8 A rvirus r…
A. is ra rtype rof rcell.
, B. has rgenetic rmaterial rmade rof rproteins.
C. can ronly rinfect ra rsingle rhost rspecies.
D. can ract ras ra rvector rfor rgene rtransfer.
E. cannot rpersist rin rits rhost rfor rmore rthan rone rcell rgeneration.
9 Which rof rthe rfollowing rdoes rNOT rtypically rinvolve rhorizontal rgene rtransfer?
A. Sexual rreproduction rin rhumans
B. Bacteriophage rinfection rof rbacteria
C. The revolutionary rhistory rof rthe reukaryotic rcell
D. The raccidental rduplication rof ra rsmall rregion rof ra rbacterial rchromosome rfollowed rby
r cell rdivision
E. Introduction rof rplasmids rinto rbacteria rin ra rlaboratory
10 Gene rduplication rcan rgive rrise rto rhomologous rgenes rthat rare rpart rof rgene rfamilies. rFor
rexample, rthere rare rsix ractin rgenes rin rthe rgenome rof rmost rmammalian rspecies. rIn rhumans, rthe
rACTB rgene, rwhich rencodes ra rcytoskeletal ractin, ris rexpressed rubiquitously, rwhile rACTC1 ris
rexpressed rmainly rin rcardiac rcells. rAlthough rbacteria rlack rthe reukaryotic rcytoskeletal
r organization, rthe rbacterial rMreB rgene rbears rrecognizable rsequence rsimilarity rto rmammalian ractin
rgenes rand rcodes rfor ra rprotein rthat ris rsimilar rto ractin rin rstructure rand rfunction. rWhich rof rthe
rfollowing rstatements ris rtrue rabout rthese rgenes?
A. ACTB ris rhomologous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
B. ACTB ris rorthologous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
C. ACTB ris rparalogous rto rACTC1 rbut rnot rto rMreB.
D. MreB ris rorthologous rto rACTB rbut rnot rto rACTC1.
E. ACTB ris rparalogous rto rboth rACTC1 rand rMreB.
11 Out rof rnearly r5000 rprotein-coding rgene rfamilies, rthere ris ra rset rof rnearly r300 rconserved
rgene rfamilies rthat rare rfound rin rspecies rfrom rall rdomains rof rlife. rWhen rone rlooks rat rthe rgeneral
r functions rassigned rto rthese rgene rfamilies, rit ris rfound rthat r…
A. the rmajority rof rthem rfunction rin rcell-to-cell rsignaling.
B. the rmajority rof rthem rare rpoorly rcharacterized.
C. more r than r one-third r of r them r are r involved r in r translation r or r amino r acid r transport
r and rmr etabolism.
D. more r than r one-half r of r the r shared r families r are r involved r in r DNA r replication
r and r transcription.
E. Nearly rall rof rthem rare rinvolved rin renergy rproduction rand rcarbohydrate rmetabolism.
, 12 Which rof rthe rfollowing ris rtrue rregarding rEscherichia rcoli?
A. Most rof rour runderstanding rabout rmitosis rcomes rfrom rstudies ron rthis rmodel rorganism.
B. It r is r a r rod-shaped r bacterium r that r can r only r grow r in r the r gut r of r humans r and
r other rvertebrates.
C. Two rstrains rof rE. rcoli rcan rdiffer rby rup rto r0.1% rin rtheir rgenomes.
rDr . r E. rcoli rstrain r K-12 rencodes rabout r4300 rproteins.
E. r The rE. rcoli r(strain rK-12) rgenome ris rabout r430 rmillion rnucleotide rpairs rlong.
13 Which rof rthe rfollowing ris rNOT rtrue rregarding rthe rtree rof rlife?
A. Most rbacteria rand rarchaea rhave r1000 rto r6000 rgenes rin rtheir rgenomes.
B. Eukaryotes r are r more r similar r to r archaea r than r to r bacteria r with r respect r to r the
r proteins rthat ract ron rtheir rDNA.
C. Most rbacteria rand rarchaea rhave rgenome rsizes rbetween rone rand rten rmillion rnucleotide
rpairs, rwhereas reukaryotic rgenomes rcan rbe rmillions rof rtimes rlarger.
D. Archaeal r species r were r thought r to r belong r to r the r eukaryotic r world r before
r sequence ranalysis rplaced rthem rin ra rseparate rdomain rof rlife.
E. Photosynthetic rbacteria rare rthought rto rbe rthe rancestors rof rthe reukaryotic rchloroplasts.
14 A rmutation rin rthe rcdc28 rgene rin rthe rbudding ryeast rSaccharomyces rcerevisiae rcauses rcell-
rcycle rarrest, rgiving rrise r to runbudded rcells rthat rlook rlike r―dumbbells.‖ rTreatment rof rwild-type
rcells rwith rnocodazole, ra rdrug rthat rdestabilizes rsome rcytoskeletal rpolymers, r leads rto ra rsimilar
rphenotype. rBased ronly ron rthese robservations, rwhich rstatement ris rtrue rregarding rcdc28?
A. cdc28 rcodes rfor ra rmaster rregulatory rkinase rthat rphosphorylates rother rproteins.
B. Nocodazole rbinds rto rthe rprotein rcoded rby rthe rcdc28 rgene.
C. The rproduct rof rthe rcdc28 rgene ris rresponsible rfor rresistance rto rnocodazole.
D. The rproduct rof rthe rcdc28 rgene ris rinvolved rin rcell rcycle rregulation.
E. The r product r of r cdc28 r destabilizes r the r same r cytoskeletal r polymers r that
r nocodazole ralso rdestabilizes.
15 Which rof rthe rfollowing rstructures ris rexclusively rfound rin reukaryotic rcells?
A. Plasma rmembrane
B. Cell rwall
C. Chromosome
D. Ribosome
E. Lysosome
