RAD 105 Midterm Exam

Wilhelm C. Röentgen November 8, 1895 - -who discovered x ray? when? ionization - -The process by which a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, thus requiring a net charge. radiologist - -The medical physician who specializes in the use of x-rays and other forms of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Radiologic Technologist (RT) - -general term applied to an individual who performs radiography, radiation therapy, or nuclear medicine technology radiography - -what does the R in RT stand for? MRI and ultrasound - -the only 2 modalities that use non ionizing radiation Accreditation - -Voluntary peer review process through which an agency grants recognition to an institution for a program of study that meets specified criteria. JCERT (joint review committee on education in radiologic technology) - -who accredits our rad tech program Certification - -Voluntary process through which an agency grants recognition to an individual on demonstration, usually by examination, of specialized professional skills. ARRT - -administers RT exam to certify us yes, Ohio department of health - -is it mandatory to have state licensing in ohio? who does it? no - -is it mandatory to have state licensing in michigan? American Society of Radiologic Technologists - -ASRT Ohio Society of Radiologic Technologists - -OSRT RSNA - -Radiological Society of North America AAPM - -American Association of Physicists in Medicine American College of Radiology - -ACR RAD105 RAD105 joint review committee on education in radiologic technology - -JRCERT stress - -the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging flight or fight response - -Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat. identify the problem investigate the problem formulate possible solutions select and enact the best solution - -steps to critical thinking diagnostic yield - -The amount of clinically useful information on a diagnostic image Diagnostic Efficacy - -The accuracy of diagnostic information on a medical image negative - -charge of the cathode positive - -charge of the anode generator control - -interface between the radiographer and the electronics of the x ray machine Automatic Exposure Control, sensors on chest unit - -what does AEC stand for? what is it? peak kilovoltage - -kVp Miliampere Seconds - -mA film screen computed radiography(CR) & IR (PSP) must also have a reader - -cassette based systems Digital radiography systems (DR) - -flat panel technology, use thin film transistors DR indirect - -amorphous silicon DR direct - -amorphous selenium that absorbed in the detector and able to be converted into a radiographic image for interpretation - -the only radiation that is of clinical value RAD105 RAD105 Flouroscopy - -Can view the anatomy in real time using a computer screen, tube is under the patient mobile flouroscopy - -uses C arm As Low As Reasonably Achievable - -ALARA 3 things necessary to create an x ray - -1. source of electrons (cathode end of tube) 2. a force to move electrons rapidly (kVp) 3. something to stop the movement of electrons quickly= deceleration (anode) true - -the x ray beam is heterogeneous which means that many x ray photons vary in intensity. (T/F) thompson and classic scattering - -Classic coherent scattering is also called compton - -This type of interaction is within the diagnostic ranges of x-ray, and accounts for most of radiation workers' exposure gray - -A rad, in International System units, is the Rad - -A rem is equal to a ____ multiplied by a Quality Factor Roentgen - -This unit of measurement is not used to express radiation in people, but radiation exposure in air. 50mSv or 5rem - -annual whole body effective dose limit for an occupational worker is Law of bergonie and tribondeau - --Cells are more radiosensitive during active division and when they are primitive in structure and function. -Cells are more radioresistant if they are more specialized in structure and function and do not undergo repeated mitosis. time, distance, shielding - -cardinal rules of radiation protection absorbtion, transfer than scatter, transmission - -3 things that can happen to an x ray beam die, repair, divide in damaged state - -3 responses of cells to radiation early effects of radiation - -1. bone marrow syndrome (infection, hemmorrhage anemia) 2. gastrointestinal syndrome (NVD) 3. central nervous system syndrome (seizures, coma, eventual death) late effects of radiation - -develop over a long time after exposure 1. somatic effects (cataracts, cancer) RAD105 RAD105 2. genetic effects (germ cell damage, possible mutations to offspring) acute radiation syndrome - -high whole body exposure in a short period of time threshold dose - -fictional, amount of safe radiation a person can be exposed to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - -physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem,need to know/understand, aesthetics, self-actualization emotional support, emphasis, palpation - -appropriate touching includes birth-1 - -infant age 1-3 - -toddlers age group 3-5 - -preschoolers 5-10 - -school aged children 10-25 - -adolescents 25-45 - -young adults 45-65 - -middle aged adults 65+ - -mature adults base of support - -Foundation on which the body rests center of gravity - -a hypothetical area of the body where the mass of the body is concentrated; gravity works from this area Stability Muscles - -Muscles of the torso Mobility Muscles - -Extremity muscles orthostatic hypotension - -Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions sims - -lying on the left side with one leg drawn up Trendelenburg - -head lower