PSCH 242 UIC EXAM 3 || ERROR-FREE ANSWERS
100%.
Level of Constraint correct answers How much control the researcher has over the design and
progression of the study
Archival Study correct answers A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages correct answers Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is no
researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations correct answers There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics could
also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit bias.
Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data collection.
Naturalistic Observation correct answers Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages correct answers realistic picture of behavior, actions are
pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations correct answers Limited scope of observation, reliable and
valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods correct answers Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity of
measure at times, mistaken causality.
, Differences between Correlational lower methods of research correct answers Higher levels of
constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and how variables
are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research correct answers Narrower focus,
standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured, and *additional*
control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research correct answers Always contain at least two
variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
Problem Statements in Differential Research correct answers "Does group A differ from group B
on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies correct answers Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship between
two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables correct answers Variables that vary along with the independent variable.
A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research correct answers Statistically control for
effects of possible confounding variables
How to Deal with Confounds in Differential Research correct answers Select appropriate
comparison groups. Goal: "all else equal."
Limitations of Correlational Research correct answers Cannot draw conclusions about causality.
Relies exclusively on measured variables.
100%.
Level of Constraint correct answers How much control the researcher has over the design and
progression of the study
Archival Study correct answers A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages correct answers Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is no
researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations correct answers There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics could
also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit bias.
Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data collection.
Naturalistic Observation correct answers Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages correct answers realistic picture of behavior, actions are
pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations correct answers Limited scope of observation, reliable and
valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods correct answers Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity of
measure at times, mistaken causality.
, Differences between Correlational lower methods of research correct answers Higher levels of
constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and how variables
are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research correct answers Narrower focus,
standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured, and *additional*
control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research correct answers Always contain at least two
variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
Problem Statements in Differential Research correct answers "Does group A differ from group B
on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies correct answers Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship between
two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables correct answers Variables that vary along with the independent variable.
A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research correct answers Statistically control for
effects of possible confounding variables
How to Deal with Confounds in Differential Research correct answers Select appropriate
comparison groups. Goal: "all else equal."
Limitations of Correlational Research correct answers Cannot draw conclusions about causality.
Relies exclusively on measured variables.
