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BIOLOGY 155 FINAL Exam Questions And
Answers 100% Pass
What are biological molecules? - ANS molecules made and used by living organisms
biological molecules = - ANS macromolecules
cells - ANS smallest unit of life
Hierarchical levels of life - ANS cells → tissues → organ → organ system → organisms
What is the framework of all biological molecules? - ANS carbon
carbon - ANS 1. most abundant molecule
2. can form up to 4 covalent bonds
3. can bond with other carbon atoms
4. can bond with other atoms
hydrocarbons - ANS molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
- release energy
- example: gasoline
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functional groups - ANS a molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical
properties or reactivities
what are the different functional groups? (need to know structural formulas) - ANS 1.
Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Sulfhydryl
6. Phosphate
7. Methyl
Properties of functional groups - ANS - acidic or basic
- polar or non polar
- have definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur
macromolecules - ANS A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
what are the types of macromolecules? - ANS carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What are the components to building macromolecules? - ANS monomers, covalent bonds,
polymers
monomers - ANS individual building units
- Example: single brick
covalent bonds - ANS link individual units (monomers) together
- Example: cement
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polymers - ANS chain of structure built by the monomers
- Example: brick wall
relationship between monomers, covalent bonds, and polymers - ANS Monomers are linked
together by a covalent bond to form a polymer
nucleic acids - ANS carry information inside cells
what are the two main varieties of nucleic acids? - ANS DNA
RNA
these are the polymers
DNA - ANS deoxyribonucleic acid
1. the genetic material of all organisms; composed of 2 complementary chains of nucleotides
wound in a double helix
2. stores genetic information
function of DNA - ANS 1. Nucleic acids are able to serve as templates for producing precise
copies of themselves
- Allows genetic information to be preserved during cell division and during reproduction of
organisms
2. Organisms use sequences of nucleotides in DNA to encode information
RNA - ANS ribonucleic acid
1. a class of nucleic acids characterized by the presence of the sugar ribose and the pyrimidine
uracil
- Includes mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
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2. involved in synthesis of proteins
what is the difference between DNA and RNA? - ANS 1. RNA molecules contain ribose sugars
2. RNA molecules use uracil in place of thymine
how is RNA produced? - ANS by transcription (copying) from DNA
- usually single stranded
function of RNA - ANS it carries information
nucleic acid monomers - ANS nucleotides (ATGC, U)
nucleotide parts - ANS 1. phosphate group
2. sugar
3. nitrogenous base
phosphate group - nucleotides - ANS - in DNA and RNA
- functional groups (phosphate group surrounded by 4 oxygen groups)
sugar - nucleotides - ANS DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid (no oxygen, just hydrogen)
RNA = ribonucleic acid (hydroxyl group - OH)
nitrogenous base - nucleotides - ANS DNA = A, T, C, G
RNA = A, U, C, G
- A and G are big and pure
BIOLOGY 155 FINAL Exam Questions And
Answers 100% Pass
What are biological molecules? - ANS molecules made and used by living organisms
biological molecules = - ANS macromolecules
cells - ANS smallest unit of life
Hierarchical levels of life - ANS cells → tissues → organ → organ system → organisms
What is the framework of all biological molecules? - ANS carbon
carbon - ANS 1. most abundant molecule
2. can form up to 4 covalent bonds
3. can bond with other carbon atoms
4. can bond with other atoms
hydrocarbons - ANS molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
- release energy
- example: gasoline
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
functional groups - ANS a molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical
properties or reactivities
what are the different functional groups? (need to know structural formulas) - ANS 1.
Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Sulfhydryl
6. Phosphate
7. Methyl
Properties of functional groups - ANS - acidic or basic
- polar or non polar
- have definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur
macromolecules - ANS A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
what are the types of macromolecules? - ANS carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What are the components to building macromolecules? - ANS monomers, covalent bonds,
polymers
monomers - ANS individual building units
- Example: single brick
covalent bonds - ANS link individual units (monomers) together
- Example: cement
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
polymers - ANS chain of structure built by the monomers
- Example: brick wall
relationship between monomers, covalent bonds, and polymers - ANS Monomers are linked
together by a covalent bond to form a polymer
nucleic acids - ANS carry information inside cells
what are the two main varieties of nucleic acids? - ANS DNA
RNA
these are the polymers
DNA - ANS deoxyribonucleic acid
1. the genetic material of all organisms; composed of 2 complementary chains of nucleotides
wound in a double helix
2. stores genetic information
function of DNA - ANS 1. Nucleic acids are able to serve as templates for producing precise
copies of themselves
- Allows genetic information to be preserved during cell division and during reproduction of
organisms
2. Organisms use sequences of nucleotides in DNA to encode information
RNA - ANS ribonucleic acid
1. a class of nucleic acids characterized by the presence of the sugar ribose and the pyrimidine
uracil
- Includes mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2. involved in synthesis of proteins
what is the difference between DNA and RNA? - ANS 1. RNA molecules contain ribose sugars
2. RNA molecules use uracil in place of thymine
how is RNA produced? - ANS by transcription (copying) from DNA
- usually single stranded
function of RNA - ANS it carries information
nucleic acid monomers - ANS nucleotides (ATGC, U)
nucleotide parts - ANS 1. phosphate group
2. sugar
3. nitrogenous base
phosphate group - nucleotides - ANS - in DNA and RNA
- functional groups (phosphate group surrounded by 4 oxygen groups)
sugar - nucleotides - ANS DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid (no oxygen, just hydrogen)
RNA = ribonucleic acid (hydroxyl group - OH)
nitrogenous base - nucleotides - ANS DNA = A, T, C, G
RNA = A, U, C, G
- A and G are big and pure
