PNC Final Exam Questions with
Complete Solutions
Nurse Practicing Act - ANSWER-Gives the BON the authority to regulate nursing,
education and regulate UAP
-appoints an executive director
American Nurses Association (ANA) - ANSWER-The national professional
membership association of nurses that works for the improvement of health
standards and the availability of healthcare services, fosters high professional
standards for the nursing profession, and advances the economic and general
welfare of nurses
Code of ethics Structure - ANSWER-9 provisions
- 1-3: direct care and the fundamentals of nursing values
-4-6: individual responsibility in practice, safety promotion and quality care
-7-9: Advancing the profession and global health care
Ethical Dilemma - ANSWER-An ethical decision-making problem
-no correct answer
-depends on the situation
Ethical Dilemma Complications - ANSWER-Poor outcomes for quality of care
Moral Distress
Relationships
Uncertainty with choices
Litigations
Moral Reasoning - ANSWER-Is the process of determining the difference between
right and wrong by using logic
Moral Residue - ANSWER-Repeatedly compromising moral values
-loss of moral identity
Moral Distress - ANSWER-knowing the right thing to due but CANNOT due to
institutional constraints
Kohlberg's 6 Progressive Stages - ANSWER-Each is more sophisticated than the
last
-only outlines how people justify decisions
-does NOT judge degree of morality
Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ANSWER-preconventional, conventional,
postconventional
Level 1: Preconventional - ANSWER-Morality shaped by consequences of breaking
adult rules
,- CHILDREN
Contains Stages 1-2
- Obedience and Punishment Orientation
- Self Interest Orientation
Level 2: Conventional - ANSWER-Morality shaped by norms of society
-ADOLESENT
Level 3: Post-conventional - ANSWER-Individuals are separate entities from society
with their own perspectives
-they may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles
-moral reasoning based on individual rights and justice
-ADULTS
Critisism of Kohlberg - ANSWER--Moral thinking vs. Actual behavior
-overemphasizes western philosophy
-impact of justice only focus
-flawed research
-lack of female perspective
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation (Level 1) - ANSWER-Action is
wrong because perpetrator was punished
- The person is good if they avoid punishment; if punished they must have done
wrong
- "The last time I did this I got spanked, this action is wrong"
Stage 2: Self-interest orientation (Level 1) - ANSWER-Moral behavior defined by
what is in the individuals best interest
-recognize there is more than one correct view (different people have different view
points)
-"What's in it for me"
Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity (Level 2) - ANSWER-Self-enters
society by conforming to social standards
-moral decision based on the consequences of actions
-person is good in order to be seen as good by others
Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order-Maintaining Morality (Level 2) - ANSWER-Moral
behavior defined by outside force namely laws and social conventions
-One must follow rules in order to maintain a functional society
-individual approval becomes less important to uphold society
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights (Level 3) - ANSWER-Laws are
regarded as social contracts rather than rigid degrees
-laws are meant to protect most people although there are times where it can work
against the interests of an individual
-laws that don't promote the greatest good should be changed
, Stage 6: Universal Principles (Level 3) - ANSWER-Laws are only valid if they are
based on justice, ethics and rights
-prepared to go against the law regardless of the consequences of disapproval of
society or even imprisonment
-kohlberg doubted many people made it to this stage
Ethical Theoretical Approaches - ANSWER-Two broad patterns of reasoning
-defining masculine and feminine patterns of moral reasoning
Ethics of Justice - ANSWER-Everyone is treated fairly and equitably
-rooted in legal system
-masculine
Ethics of Care - ANSWER-Ethical decision making focused on the holistic needs of
others, maintaining harmonious relationships
-context of a situation
-feminine
Ethics of Duty - ANSWER-Ethical choices are made based on doing the right thing
-usually based on law or moral imperatives
*Good*
-emphasizes equality and value of every human
-provides consistency and certainty
*Bad*
-black and white
-can make world less good
-hard to reconcile when duties are in conflict
Ethics of Consequence - ANSWER-Consquences are all that matters when making
ethical decisions
*Good*
-seems easy to understand
-Flexible and situational
*Bad*
-making good decisions takes time
-uncertainty (hard to predict how others behave)
distrust between groups of bias
-utilitarianism
-hedonism
Utilitarianism - ANSWER-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most
happiness for the most people
Hedonism - ANSWER-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most
pleasure for the most people
Complete Solutions
Nurse Practicing Act - ANSWER-Gives the BON the authority to regulate nursing,
education and regulate UAP
-appoints an executive director
American Nurses Association (ANA) - ANSWER-The national professional
membership association of nurses that works for the improvement of health
standards and the availability of healthcare services, fosters high professional
standards for the nursing profession, and advances the economic and general
welfare of nurses
Code of ethics Structure - ANSWER-9 provisions
- 1-3: direct care and the fundamentals of nursing values
-4-6: individual responsibility in practice, safety promotion and quality care
-7-9: Advancing the profession and global health care
Ethical Dilemma - ANSWER-An ethical decision-making problem
-no correct answer
-depends on the situation
Ethical Dilemma Complications - ANSWER-Poor outcomes for quality of care
Moral Distress
Relationships
Uncertainty with choices
Litigations
Moral Reasoning - ANSWER-Is the process of determining the difference between
right and wrong by using logic
Moral Residue - ANSWER-Repeatedly compromising moral values
-loss of moral identity
Moral Distress - ANSWER-knowing the right thing to due but CANNOT due to
institutional constraints
Kohlberg's 6 Progressive Stages - ANSWER-Each is more sophisticated than the
last
-only outlines how people justify decisions
-does NOT judge degree of morality
Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ANSWER-preconventional, conventional,
postconventional
Level 1: Preconventional - ANSWER-Morality shaped by consequences of breaking
adult rules
,- CHILDREN
Contains Stages 1-2
- Obedience and Punishment Orientation
- Self Interest Orientation
Level 2: Conventional - ANSWER-Morality shaped by norms of society
-ADOLESENT
Level 3: Post-conventional - ANSWER-Individuals are separate entities from society
with their own perspectives
-they may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles
-moral reasoning based on individual rights and justice
-ADULTS
Critisism of Kohlberg - ANSWER--Moral thinking vs. Actual behavior
-overemphasizes western philosophy
-impact of justice only focus
-flawed research
-lack of female perspective
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation (Level 1) - ANSWER-Action is
wrong because perpetrator was punished
- The person is good if they avoid punishment; if punished they must have done
wrong
- "The last time I did this I got spanked, this action is wrong"
Stage 2: Self-interest orientation (Level 1) - ANSWER-Moral behavior defined by
what is in the individuals best interest
-recognize there is more than one correct view (different people have different view
points)
-"What's in it for me"
Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity (Level 2) - ANSWER-Self-enters
society by conforming to social standards
-moral decision based on the consequences of actions
-person is good in order to be seen as good by others
Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order-Maintaining Morality (Level 2) - ANSWER-Moral
behavior defined by outside force namely laws and social conventions
-One must follow rules in order to maintain a functional society
-individual approval becomes less important to uphold society
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights (Level 3) - ANSWER-Laws are
regarded as social contracts rather than rigid degrees
-laws are meant to protect most people although there are times where it can work
against the interests of an individual
-laws that don't promote the greatest good should be changed
, Stage 6: Universal Principles (Level 3) - ANSWER-Laws are only valid if they are
based on justice, ethics and rights
-prepared to go against the law regardless of the consequences of disapproval of
society or even imprisonment
-kohlberg doubted many people made it to this stage
Ethical Theoretical Approaches - ANSWER-Two broad patterns of reasoning
-defining masculine and feminine patterns of moral reasoning
Ethics of Justice - ANSWER-Everyone is treated fairly and equitably
-rooted in legal system
-masculine
Ethics of Care - ANSWER-Ethical decision making focused on the holistic needs of
others, maintaining harmonious relationships
-context of a situation
-feminine
Ethics of Duty - ANSWER-Ethical choices are made based on doing the right thing
-usually based on law or moral imperatives
*Good*
-emphasizes equality and value of every human
-provides consistency and certainty
*Bad*
-black and white
-can make world less good
-hard to reconcile when duties are in conflict
Ethics of Consequence - ANSWER-Consquences are all that matters when making
ethical decisions
*Good*
-seems easy to understand
-Flexible and situational
*Bad*
-making good decisions takes time
-uncertainty (hard to predict how others behave)
distrust between groups of bias
-utilitarianism
-hedonism
Utilitarianism - ANSWER-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most
happiness for the most people
Hedonism - ANSWER-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most
pleasure for the most people
