RAD 105 FINAL PAPER 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+
✔✔Establishment of Infectious Disease - ✔✔Categorized into 6 steps:
Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome
✔✔Encounter - ✔✔Involves the infectious organism coming in contact with the host
Each encounter varies according to the host and microorganism.
✔✔Entry - ✔✔Access to the organism through a portal of entry
Entry may be one of two types: ingression or penetration.
✔✔Spread - ✔✔The propagation of the infectious organism
Requires overcoming body's immune defenses
Degree of spreading is a function of the logistics of both the host and the microbe.
✔✔Multiplication - ✔✔The growth in microbe numbers as a function of mitosis
Many infectious agents undergo great multiplication before their impact is recognized by
the host.
Incubation period
✔✔Damage - ✔✔Damage can be either direct or indirect.
A microbe can induce a host response that also causes tissue and cell death through
activation of the host's inflammatory and immune responses.
✔✔Outcome - ✔✔Results in any of three outcomes
Host gains control of the infectious agent and eliminates it
Infectious agent overcomes host's immunities to cause disease
Host and infectious agent compromise and live in a sort of symbiotic state
✔✔Chain of Infection - ✔✔Host
Infectious microorganism
Mode of transportation
Reservoir
✔✔Routes for Disease Transmission - ✔✔*Air
*Droplet
*Contact
*Transmission may be exogenous or endogenous
*Vector vs. fomite
, Vector is usually an arthropod (mosquito, flea, tick, and so forth)
Fomite - inanimate object
✔✔Nosocomial infections - ✔✔hospital acquired infections
✔✔Iatrogenic infections - ✔✔caused by the physician intervention
✔✔Patient flora - ✔✔skin, GI system, genitourinary system, & respiratory
✔✔Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections - ✔✔Environment
Therapeutic regimen
Equipment
Contamination during medical procedures
✔✔Factors Increasing Potential for Nosocomial Infections - ✔✔Age
Heredity
Nutritional status
Stress
Inadequate rest or exercise
Personal choice habits
Health history
Inadequate defenses
✔✔Bloodborne pathogens - ✔✔Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by
blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.
Considered nosocomial
Others that aren't as prevalent are:
Hep C, Hep D, and Syphilis
✔✔HIV - ✔✔A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.
Responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Symptoms: weight loss, muscle and joint pain, glandular pain and swelling, night sweats
May be asymptomatic after exposure to HIV for as long as 10 years
May take up to 1 year for results of blood test to become positive for HIV antibodies
✔✔HBV - ✔✔hepatitis B virus
Primarily affects liver, resulting in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal function of liver
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and headache
Leads to yellow skin color (jaundice)
Some patients are asymptomatic.
Blood will test positive 2 to 6 weeks after symptoms develop.
Patients can recover in 6 to 8 weeks, but blood tests will always show they were
exposed.
✔✔Defense Mechanisms of the Body Internal Mechanisms - ✔✔Mechanical Barriers
RATED A+
✔✔Establishment of Infectious Disease - ✔✔Categorized into 6 steps:
Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome
✔✔Encounter - ✔✔Involves the infectious organism coming in contact with the host
Each encounter varies according to the host and microorganism.
✔✔Entry - ✔✔Access to the organism through a portal of entry
Entry may be one of two types: ingression or penetration.
✔✔Spread - ✔✔The propagation of the infectious organism
Requires overcoming body's immune defenses
Degree of spreading is a function of the logistics of both the host and the microbe.
✔✔Multiplication - ✔✔The growth in microbe numbers as a function of mitosis
Many infectious agents undergo great multiplication before their impact is recognized by
the host.
Incubation period
✔✔Damage - ✔✔Damage can be either direct or indirect.
A microbe can induce a host response that also causes tissue and cell death through
activation of the host's inflammatory and immune responses.
✔✔Outcome - ✔✔Results in any of three outcomes
Host gains control of the infectious agent and eliminates it
Infectious agent overcomes host's immunities to cause disease
Host and infectious agent compromise and live in a sort of symbiotic state
✔✔Chain of Infection - ✔✔Host
Infectious microorganism
Mode of transportation
Reservoir
✔✔Routes for Disease Transmission - ✔✔*Air
*Droplet
*Contact
*Transmission may be exogenous or endogenous
*Vector vs. fomite
, Vector is usually an arthropod (mosquito, flea, tick, and so forth)
Fomite - inanimate object
✔✔Nosocomial infections - ✔✔hospital acquired infections
✔✔Iatrogenic infections - ✔✔caused by the physician intervention
✔✔Patient flora - ✔✔skin, GI system, genitourinary system, & respiratory
✔✔Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections - ✔✔Environment
Therapeutic regimen
Equipment
Contamination during medical procedures
✔✔Factors Increasing Potential for Nosocomial Infections - ✔✔Age
Heredity
Nutritional status
Stress
Inadequate rest or exercise
Personal choice habits
Health history
Inadequate defenses
✔✔Bloodborne pathogens - ✔✔Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by
blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.
Considered nosocomial
Others that aren't as prevalent are:
Hep C, Hep D, and Syphilis
✔✔HIV - ✔✔A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.
Responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Symptoms: weight loss, muscle and joint pain, glandular pain and swelling, night sweats
May be asymptomatic after exposure to HIV for as long as 10 years
May take up to 1 year for results of blood test to become positive for HIV antibodies
✔✔HBV - ✔✔hepatitis B virus
Primarily affects liver, resulting in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal function of liver
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and headache
Leads to yellow skin color (jaundice)
Some patients are asymptomatic.
Blood will test positive 2 to 6 weeks after symptoms develop.
Patients can recover in 6 to 8 weeks, but blood tests will always show they were
exposed.
✔✔Defense Mechanisms of the Body Internal Mechanisms - ✔✔Mechanical Barriers
