PSYCH 104 Midterm Study Guide(Completely solved)
Coolidge Effect correct answers Males are shown increased arousal and mating effort around
novel females
THEORY: Potential for additional offspring triggers evolved mating response
Evolutionary Psychology Logic correct answers Different systems evolve in response to adaptive
challenges
Theory correct answers A testable explanation as to why something exists or how it works
Hypothesis correct answers A claim about the expected relationship between two variables
Prediction correct answers Operationalizing the hypothesis
Operationalizing correct answers Turning a trait, behavior, or idea into a variable that is directly
testable or measurable.
Confirmation Bias correct answers The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre-
existing beliefs, and ignoring information that contradicts it. Not seeking out information that
contradicts our beliefs.
Experiment correct answers Research method in which the experimenter manipulates one more
independent variables to determine the effects on a same behavior or attitude
Independent Variables correct answers Manipulative introduced by experimenter to see if it does
anything to the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable correct answers The variable that is potentially changed or influenced by the
independent variable.
Status Variables correct answers Separating participants by gender, ethnicity, etc. and then
working with that. Not randomly assigned.
Confounds correct answers Outside factors that may alter the results of the experiment
Between subjects experiment correct answers There is only one independent variable.
Internal Validity correct answers The confidence that ONLY our intended independent variables
are changing scores on the dependent variables.
Social Comparison Theory correct answers People typically evaluate their worth by comparing
themselves to others
Goals of Social Cognition Research correct answers 1) Why we think the way we do
2) Why everyday thinking can be irrational or errorprone
, Cognitive Miser correct answers Using many mental shortcuts to arrive at a decision
Automatic Cognition correct answers Thinking that occurs outside our conscious awareness and
without much effort. Many of our reactions to social situations.
Controlled Cognition correct answers Thinking that occurs in our conscious awareness,
deliberately considering an issue or idea.
Certainty Effect correct answers Preferring outcomes that are certain to happen compared to
those that are only probable
Judgmental Heuristic correct answers Simple rule or strategy for solving a problem that serves as
a mental short-cut.
Ex: If food item is found in health food store, it must be good for you.
Representativeness Heuristic correct answers Used to classify something as belonging to a
certain category
Availability Heuristic correct answers Estimate the likelihood of an event based on instances of
that event come to mind.
False Consensus Effect correct answers Tendency to overestimate extent to which others agree
with us.
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic correct answers Begin with rough estimate (anchor) and
then adjust this estimate based on new info (adjustment)
When do we use heuristics? correct answers 1) Don't have time to think carefully about issue
2) Overloaded with information
3) Issue not important
4) Little solid knowledge or information
Fundamental Attribution Error correct answers General human tendency to explain someone's
behavior based on internal factors and to underestimate the influence of external factors have on
a person's behavior.
Actor-Observer Bias correct answers The tendency for actors to attribute their own actions to
situational factors, whereas observers attribute the actions of others to personality dispositions.
Egocentric thought correct answers Assume other people are paying more attention to us than
they are.
Self-serving bias correct answers The tendency for individuals to make dispositional attributions
for their success and situational attributions for their failures.
Coolidge Effect correct answers Males are shown increased arousal and mating effort around
novel females
THEORY: Potential for additional offspring triggers evolved mating response
Evolutionary Psychology Logic correct answers Different systems evolve in response to adaptive
challenges
Theory correct answers A testable explanation as to why something exists or how it works
Hypothesis correct answers A claim about the expected relationship between two variables
Prediction correct answers Operationalizing the hypothesis
Operationalizing correct answers Turning a trait, behavior, or idea into a variable that is directly
testable or measurable.
Confirmation Bias correct answers The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre-
existing beliefs, and ignoring information that contradicts it. Not seeking out information that
contradicts our beliefs.
Experiment correct answers Research method in which the experimenter manipulates one more
independent variables to determine the effects on a same behavior or attitude
Independent Variables correct answers Manipulative introduced by experimenter to see if it does
anything to the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable correct answers The variable that is potentially changed or influenced by the
independent variable.
Status Variables correct answers Separating participants by gender, ethnicity, etc. and then
working with that. Not randomly assigned.
Confounds correct answers Outside factors that may alter the results of the experiment
Between subjects experiment correct answers There is only one independent variable.
Internal Validity correct answers The confidence that ONLY our intended independent variables
are changing scores on the dependent variables.
Social Comparison Theory correct answers People typically evaluate their worth by comparing
themselves to others
Goals of Social Cognition Research correct answers 1) Why we think the way we do
2) Why everyday thinking can be irrational or errorprone
, Cognitive Miser correct answers Using many mental shortcuts to arrive at a decision
Automatic Cognition correct answers Thinking that occurs outside our conscious awareness and
without much effort. Many of our reactions to social situations.
Controlled Cognition correct answers Thinking that occurs in our conscious awareness,
deliberately considering an issue or idea.
Certainty Effect correct answers Preferring outcomes that are certain to happen compared to
those that are only probable
Judgmental Heuristic correct answers Simple rule or strategy for solving a problem that serves as
a mental short-cut.
Ex: If food item is found in health food store, it must be good for you.
Representativeness Heuristic correct answers Used to classify something as belonging to a
certain category
Availability Heuristic correct answers Estimate the likelihood of an event based on instances of
that event come to mind.
False Consensus Effect correct answers Tendency to overestimate extent to which others agree
with us.
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic correct answers Begin with rough estimate (anchor) and
then adjust this estimate based on new info (adjustment)
When do we use heuristics? correct answers 1) Don't have time to think carefully about issue
2) Overloaded with information
3) Issue not important
4) Little solid knowledge or information
Fundamental Attribution Error correct answers General human tendency to explain someone's
behavior based on internal factors and to underestimate the influence of external factors have on
a person's behavior.
Actor-Observer Bias correct answers The tendency for actors to attribute their own actions to
situational factors, whereas observers attribute the actions of others to personality dispositions.
Egocentric thought correct answers Assume other people are paying more attention to us than
they are.
Self-serving bias correct answers The tendency for individuals to make dispositional attributions
for their success and situational attributions for their failures.
