PSY 110 Exam 2(Correctly solved)
Classical Conditioning correct answers A type of learning through which an organism learns to
associate one stimulus with another
Unconditioned Response (UR) correct answers A response that is elicited by an unconditioned
stimulus without prior learning
EX) salivation, contraction of pupil, eyeblink
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) correct answers A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned
response without prior learning
EX) food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) correct answers A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with
an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
EX) a tone
Conditioned Response (CR) correct answers The learned response that comes to be elicited by a
conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
EX) a tone
Higher-Order Conditioning correct answers Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli
are linked together to forma series of signals
"Little Albert" and classical conditioning correct answers Watson concluded that conditioned
fears "persist and modify personality throughout life"
Operant Conditioning correct answers A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior
are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an
entirely new response
Operant correct answers A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence
Reinforcer correct answers Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the
probability that it will occur
Punisher correct answers Anything that follows a response and weakens it or decreases the
probability that it will occur
Shaping correct answers An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a
desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby
gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal
Skinners Box correct answers A soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an
animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments
, Successive Approximations correct answers A series of steps, each of which is more similar to
the final desired response
Extinction correct answers In operant conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of
the conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement
Generalization correct answers In operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned
response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced
Discriminative Stimulus correct answers A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or
behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished
EX) children misbehaving in the presence of grandparents
Positive Reinforcement correct answers Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a
response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated
EX) buying an additional lottery ticket after winning $5 on a scratch off
Negative Reinforcement correct answers The termination of an unpleasant condition after a
response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Positive Punishment correct answers A decrease in behavior that results from an added
consequence
Negative Punishment correct answers A decrease in behavior that results from a removed
consequence
Biofeedback correct answers The use of sensitive equipment to give people precise feedback
about internal physiological processes so that they can learn, with practice, to exercise control
over them
Behavior Modification correct answers A method of changing behavior through a systematic
program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or
observational learning
Token Economy correct answers A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by
reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a
fixed number of correct, non-reinforced responses
MOST EFFECTIVE
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a
varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on an average ratio
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given following
the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed
Classical Conditioning correct answers A type of learning through which an organism learns to
associate one stimulus with another
Unconditioned Response (UR) correct answers A response that is elicited by an unconditioned
stimulus without prior learning
EX) salivation, contraction of pupil, eyeblink
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) correct answers A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned
response without prior learning
EX) food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) correct answers A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with
an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
EX) a tone
Conditioned Response (CR) correct answers The learned response that comes to be elicited by a
conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
EX) a tone
Higher-Order Conditioning correct answers Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli
are linked together to forma series of signals
"Little Albert" and classical conditioning correct answers Watson concluded that conditioned
fears "persist and modify personality throughout life"
Operant Conditioning correct answers A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior
are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an
entirely new response
Operant correct answers A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence
Reinforcer correct answers Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the
probability that it will occur
Punisher correct answers Anything that follows a response and weakens it or decreases the
probability that it will occur
Shaping correct answers An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a
desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby
gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal
Skinners Box correct answers A soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an
animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments
, Successive Approximations correct answers A series of steps, each of which is more similar to
the final desired response
Extinction correct answers In operant conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of
the conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement
Generalization correct answers In operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned
response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced
Discriminative Stimulus correct answers A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or
behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished
EX) children misbehaving in the presence of grandparents
Positive Reinforcement correct answers Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a
response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated
EX) buying an additional lottery ticket after winning $5 on a scratch off
Negative Reinforcement correct answers The termination of an unpleasant condition after a
response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Positive Punishment correct answers A decrease in behavior that results from an added
consequence
Negative Punishment correct answers A decrease in behavior that results from a removed
consequence
Biofeedback correct answers The use of sensitive equipment to give people precise feedback
about internal physiological processes so that they can learn, with practice, to exercise control
over them
Behavior Modification correct answers A method of changing behavior through a systematic
program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or
observational learning
Token Economy correct answers A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by
reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a
fixed number of correct, non-reinforced responses
MOST EFFECTIVE
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a
varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on an average ratio
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule correct answers A schedule in which a reinforcer is given following
the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed
