CPH 672 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Health Promotion Program - Answers :It's meaning embodies primary and secondary
prevention. May be relevant to just one community. NOT a term that should ever be
applied to allied health or medical interventions. A program may be any type of
intervention action.
Stakeholder - Answers :The intended "target recipients" of a health promotion program.
May or may not also be key informants or community leaders.
Ecological Approach - Answers :At least four levels of influence function to change
health behaviors. 1) intrapersonal. 2)interpersonal. 3)family, community, and peers,
and; 4) policy and social structures
Structural-Level Approach - Answers :When a health promotion program is based
exclusively on making policy, regulation, organization, of changes to the physical
environment.
Community Needs Assessment - Answers :Process than one time event. Must collect a
diverse array of data, with data typically being primary or secondary. Primary data
collection involves conducting qualitative or quantitative research of the stakeholder
population and their communities. Secondary data comes from places such as local
health departments, county records offices, vital statistics kept by the state, and even
data from the U.S. census bureau.
Hypothesized Mediators - Answers :A mediator "comes between" thus in this context we
are searching for the leverage points that a program can alter to change something that
will then foster the adoption of a health behavior.
Proximal-level Mediators - Answers :Proximal refers to "being close" so in this term a
proximal influence is "close to the person." The most proximal influence is cognition.
Family members and very close friends are the "next most proximal." A bit less proximal
would be influences such as the workplace or school environment, as well as peer
groups.
Distal-level Mediators - Answers :Distal refers to being "far away." In public health, it is
the distal influences that may have the most profound effect on people's health
behavior. Distal influences are often so grand that we forget about their presence.
Enabling Factors - Answers :Historically, public health interventions have a recognizable
failure point-admirable intentions to adopt health behaviors are seldom fully translated
into long-term behaviors change.
Sustainability - Answers :The classic problem in evidence-based public health practice
is that a given program must be developed through some type of funding source. Often
, involving large sums of money, the problem becomes one of how to keep an effective
program working after the funding period expires. Thus, federal agencies frequently
require their grantees to build programs that can be continued in the absence of
funding.
Effectiveness Studies - Answers :As opposed to idealized randomly controlled trials, the
evaluation of public health programs occurs in the milieu of issues and problems that
typify communities and populations. Thus, it becomes important to distinguish idealized
evaluation studies from evaluations occurring in real-world settings.
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) - Answers :Effectiveness studies that
are conducted, in part, by stakeholders.
What is evidence-based public health practice? - Answers :All of public health practice
must be guided by the use of interventions that have been shown/demonstrated to
work.
The difference between theory and a planning framework? - Answers :Theory is used to
guide a specific part of any given health promotion program. Typically theory is used to
develop strategies to influence a set of hypothesized mediators. A health health
promotion program is "held together" by a planning framework. This is an organized
process of developing coordinated efforts to achieve ambitious goals relative to
improving the health and well being of the public. Frameworks are analogous to the
blueprints.
An evaluation researcher... - Answers :is not always doing the work of program
evaluation
To be considered program evaluation... - Answers :There must be a planned set of
interventions
Program evaluation must begin early in the planning process! - Answers :This is
because each step of the planning will require a "built-in" mechanism for evaluating that
particular step.
Planning must also include an extensive set of systems designed to keep tract of all
program-related expenses. - Answers :This is vital for what could become a "best case"
scenario- having a successful program and then posing the question, "is it cost-
effective"
Program Fidelity - Answers :The exact alignment between program planning and
program implementation. Any misalignment is a possible basis for program failure that
occurs for reasons unrelated to program planning.
Health Promotion Program - Answers :It's meaning embodies primary and secondary
prevention. May be relevant to just one community. NOT a term that should ever be
applied to allied health or medical interventions. A program may be any type of
intervention action.
Stakeholder - Answers :The intended "target recipients" of a health promotion program.
May or may not also be key informants or community leaders.
Ecological Approach - Answers :At least four levels of influence function to change
health behaviors. 1) intrapersonal. 2)interpersonal. 3)family, community, and peers,
and; 4) policy and social structures
Structural-Level Approach - Answers :When a health promotion program is based
exclusively on making policy, regulation, organization, of changes to the physical
environment.
Community Needs Assessment - Answers :Process than one time event. Must collect a
diverse array of data, with data typically being primary or secondary. Primary data
collection involves conducting qualitative or quantitative research of the stakeholder
population and their communities. Secondary data comes from places such as local
health departments, county records offices, vital statistics kept by the state, and even
data from the U.S. census bureau.
Hypothesized Mediators - Answers :A mediator "comes between" thus in this context we
are searching for the leverage points that a program can alter to change something that
will then foster the adoption of a health behavior.
Proximal-level Mediators - Answers :Proximal refers to "being close" so in this term a
proximal influence is "close to the person." The most proximal influence is cognition.
Family members and very close friends are the "next most proximal." A bit less proximal
would be influences such as the workplace or school environment, as well as peer
groups.
Distal-level Mediators - Answers :Distal refers to being "far away." In public health, it is
the distal influences that may have the most profound effect on people's health
behavior. Distal influences are often so grand that we forget about their presence.
Enabling Factors - Answers :Historically, public health interventions have a recognizable
failure point-admirable intentions to adopt health behaviors are seldom fully translated
into long-term behaviors change.
Sustainability - Answers :The classic problem in evidence-based public health practice
is that a given program must be developed through some type of funding source. Often
, involving large sums of money, the problem becomes one of how to keep an effective
program working after the funding period expires. Thus, federal agencies frequently
require their grantees to build programs that can be continued in the absence of
funding.
Effectiveness Studies - Answers :As opposed to idealized randomly controlled trials, the
evaluation of public health programs occurs in the milieu of issues and problems that
typify communities and populations. Thus, it becomes important to distinguish idealized
evaluation studies from evaluations occurring in real-world settings.
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) - Answers :Effectiveness studies that
are conducted, in part, by stakeholders.
What is evidence-based public health practice? - Answers :All of public health practice
must be guided by the use of interventions that have been shown/demonstrated to
work.
The difference between theory and a planning framework? - Answers :Theory is used to
guide a specific part of any given health promotion program. Typically theory is used to
develop strategies to influence a set of hypothesized mediators. A health health
promotion program is "held together" by a planning framework. This is an organized
process of developing coordinated efforts to achieve ambitious goals relative to
improving the health and well being of the public. Frameworks are analogous to the
blueprints.
An evaluation researcher... - Answers :is not always doing the work of program
evaluation
To be considered program evaluation... - Answers :There must be a planned set of
interventions
Program evaluation must begin early in the planning process! - Answers :This is
because each step of the planning will require a "built-in" mechanism for evaluating that
particular step.
Planning must also include an extensive set of systems designed to keep tract of all
program-related expenses. - Answers :This is vital for what could become a "best case"
scenario- having a successful program and then posing the question, "is it cost-
effective"
Program Fidelity - Answers :The exact alignment between program planning and
program implementation. Any misalignment is a possible basis for program failure that
occurs for reasons unrelated to program planning.
