, CHAPTER 1 s The Science of the Mind
s s s s
LEARNINGsOBJECTIVES
1.1. Describesthesscopesandsgoalssofscognitivespsychology.
1.2. UnderstandsthescasesofsH.M.,sandsthesmanyswayssthatsmemorysinfluencessourslives.
1.3. Describestheslimitationssofsintrospectionsassasmethodsforsscientificsinquiry.
1.4. Comparesandscontrastsclassicals(Watsonian)sbehaviorismsandscognitivespsychology.
1.5. Kant’ss“transcendentalsmethod”sisssometimesscalleds“inferencestosbestsexplanation.”sExplainsthissmethodsandshowsits
works.
1.6. Describesthesrole,sinsthesemergencesofscognitivespsychology,sthatswassplayedsbyscomputerssciencesandsthesdevelop-
smentsofs“computersintelligence.”
MULTIPLEsCHOICE
1. WhichsofsthesfollowingstopicssissNOTscommonlysstudiedswithinscognitivespsychology?
a. angersmanagement c. memory
b. decisionsmaking d. Attention
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychologysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sUnderstanding
2. CognitivesprocessessaresNOTsnecessarysforswhichsdailysactivity?
a. readingsasnewspaper c. talkingsonsthesphone
b. studyingsforsastest d. breathing
ANS:s D DIF: Easy REF: ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychology
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssaswantsstosbesaspsychologistsbutsissunsureswhichstopicswithinspsychologysmostsinterestssher.sWhichsofsthesfo
llowingstopicsswouldsbesLEASTslikelystosleadshersintoscognitivespsychology?
a. amnesia c. Lymesdisease
b. languagesacquisition d. problem-solvings strategies
,ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychologysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sApplying
4. Considersthessequences“BetsyswantedstosbringsJacobsaspresent.sShesshooksherspiggysbank.”sMostspeople,saftersheari
ngsthisssequence,sbelievesBetsyswasscheckingsherspiggysbankstosseesifssheshadsmoneystosspendsonsthesgift.sThissinferencesaboutsBetsy’ss
goalssdependssonsthesfactsthat
a. oursprevioussknowledgesfillssinsbackgroundsinformationswheneverswe’resunderstandingsanseventso
rsconversation.
b. readerssareslikelystosknowssomeonesnamedsJacob.
c. English,sunlikesotherslanguages,srequiressspeakersstosmentionsallsofsthespeoplesinvolvedsinsanse
vent.
d. thesindividualssentencessaresshort.
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
ThesBroadsRolesforsMemorysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sUnderstanding
5. WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissLEASTslikelystosapplystospatientsH.M.?
a. “Hescannotsrememberswhatshesdidsearlierstoday,sincludingseventssthatstooksplacesjustsanshoursago.”
b. “Hesreadsthissstoryslastsmonth,sbutsheswassstillssurprisedsbyshowsthesstorysturnedsout.”
c. “Evensthoughsheshassencounteredsthesnursesmanystimes,shesissstillsunablestosrecognizesher.”
d. “Hesrememberedsthatsitswassonlysasweeksagosthatshe’dsheardsthessadsnewssthatshissuncleshadsdied.”
ANS:s D DIF: Moderate REF:
AmnesiasandsMemorysLosssOBJ: 1.2 MSC:sApplying
6. ResearchswithsH.M.sprovidessansillustrationsforswhichsmajorsthemesofstheschapter?
a. Introspectionsissansimportantsresearchstoolsforscognitivespsychologists.
b. Cognitivespsychologyscanshelpsussunderstandsaswidesrangesofsactivitiessthatsdependsonssomeone’ssa
bilitystosremember.
c. Memorysissnotsverysimportant.
d. Thesdisruptionscausedsbysbrainsdamagesdependssonshowswidespreadsthesdamagesis,sandsnotsonsthessp
ecificssitessthatsaresdamaged.
ANS:s s B DIF: Moderate REF: ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychology
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patientsssufferingsfromsclinicalsamnesiasarescharacterizedsby
a. memorysdysfunction. c. inarticulatesspeech.
b. ansinabilitystosrecognizespatterns. d. impairedslanguagescomprehension.
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
AmnesiasandsMemorysLosssOBJ: 1.2 MSC:sRemembering
8. Thesterms“introspection”srefersstosthe
a. processsbyswhichsonesindividualsseeksstosinfersthesthoughtssofsanothersindividual.
b. proceduresofsexaminingsthoughtsprocessingsbysmonitoringsthesbrain’sselectricalsactivity.
, c. processsofseachspersonslookingswithin,stosobserveshissorshersownsthoughtssandsideas.
d. techniquesofsstudyingsthoughtsbysinterpretingsthessymbolssusedsinscommunication.
ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sRemembering
9. Asparticipantsissaskedstoslookswithinshimselfsorsherselfsandsreportsonshissorshersownsmentalsprocesses.sThissmethod
isscalled
a. logicalsinference. c. introspection.
b. reconstruction. s d.
ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sRemembering
10. Ofsthesfollowing,sintrospectionsissLEASTsusefulsforsstudying
a. topicssthatsaresstronglyscoloredsbysemotion.
b. mentalseventssthatsaresunconscious.
c. processessthatsinvolvesconceptualsknowledge.
d. eventssthatstakesaslongstimestosunfold.
ANS:s B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sUnderstanding
11. WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsintrospectionsissFALSE?
a. Itsissthesonlyswaystosobservesconsciousseventssdirectly.
b. Itsisssubjective.
c. Itsprovidessstrongsevidencesforshypothesis-testing.
d. Itswassastechniquesusedshistoricallystosstudyscognition.
ANS:s C DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sUnderstanding
12. Genieswondersswhysshescansneversremembersthesnamessofsnewsacquaintances.sInssearchsofsansanswer,sshesexaminessan
dsreflectssonshersfeelingssaboutsmeetingsnewspeople.sGeniesissengagedsinswhichsprocess?
a. practicalsrehearsal c. learningshistorysanalysis
b. introspection d. goalsretrieval
ANS:s B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sApplying
13. Introspectionswassemployedsassasresearchstoolsinstheslates1800ssbecause
a. itswassregardedsassthesonlyswaystosobservesthesmind’sscontentssdirectly.
b. itsprovidedsdatasfromsindividualsswithoutsanysspecializedstraining.
c. consciousseventssaresjustsassimportantsassunconscioussevents.
s s s s
LEARNINGsOBJECTIVES
1.1. Describesthesscopesandsgoalssofscognitivespsychology.
1.2. UnderstandsthescasesofsH.M.,sandsthesmanyswayssthatsmemorysinfluencessourslives.
1.3. Describestheslimitationssofsintrospectionsassasmethodsforsscientificsinquiry.
1.4. Comparesandscontrastsclassicals(Watsonian)sbehaviorismsandscognitivespsychology.
1.5. Kant’ss“transcendentalsmethod”sisssometimesscalleds“inferencestosbestsexplanation.”sExplainsthissmethodsandshowsits
works.
1.6. Describesthesrole,sinsthesemergencesofscognitivespsychology,sthatswassplayedsbyscomputerssciencesandsthesdevelop-
smentsofs“computersintelligence.”
MULTIPLEsCHOICE
1. WhichsofsthesfollowingstopicssissNOTscommonlysstudiedswithinscognitivespsychology?
a. angersmanagement c. memory
b. decisionsmaking d. Attention
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychologysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sUnderstanding
2. CognitivesprocessessaresNOTsnecessarysforswhichsdailysactivity?
a. readingsasnewspaper c. talkingsonsthesphone
b. studyingsforsastest d. breathing
ANS:s D DIF: Easy REF: ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychology
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssaswantsstosbesaspsychologistsbutsissunsureswhichstopicswithinspsychologysmostsinterestssher.sWhichsofsthesfo
llowingstopicsswouldsbesLEASTslikelystosleadshersintoscognitivespsychology?
a. amnesia c. Lymesdisease
b. languagesacquisition d. problem-solvings strategies
,ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychologysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sApplying
4. Considersthessequences“BetsyswantedstosbringsJacobsaspresent.sShesshooksherspiggysbank.”sMostspeople,saftersheari
ngsthisssequence,sbelievesBetsyswasscheckingsherspiggysbankstosseesifssheshadsmoneystosspendsonsthesgift.sThissinferencesaboutsBetsy’ss
goalssdependssonsthesfactsthat
a. oursprevioussknowledgesfillssinsbackgroundsinformationswheneverswe’resunderstandingsanseventso
rsconversation.
b. readerssareslikelystosknowssomeonesnamedsJacob.
c. English,sunlikesotherslanguages,srequiressspeakersstosmentionsallsofsthespeoplesinvolvedsinsanse
vent.
d. thesindividualssentencessaresshort.
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
ThesBroadsRolesforsMemorysOBJ: 1.1 MSC:sUnderstanding
5. WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissLEASTslikelystosapplystospatientsH.M.?
a. “Hescannotsrememberswhatshesdidsearlierstoday,sincludingseventssthatstooksplacesjustsanshoursago.”
b. “Hesreadsthissstoryslastsmonth,sbutsheswassstillssurprisedsbyshowsthesstorysturnedsout.”
c. “Evensthoughsheshassencounteredsthesnursesmanystimes,shesissstillsunablestosrecognizesher.”
d. “Hesrememberedsthatsitswassonlysasweeksagosthatshe’dsheardsthessadsnewssthatshissuncleshadsdied.”
ANS:s D DIF: Moderate REF:
AmnesiasandsMemorysLosssOBJ: 1.2 MSC:sApplying
6. ResearchswithsH.M.sprovidessansillustrationsforswhichsmajorsthemesofstheschapter?
a. Introspectionsissansimportantsresearchstoolsforscognitivespsychologists.
b. Cognitivespsychologyscanshelpsussunderstandsaswidesrangesofsactivitiessthatsdependsonssomeone’ssa
bilitystosremember.
c. Memorysissnotsverysimportant.
d. Thesdisruptionscausedsbysbrainsdamagesdependssonshowswidespreadsthesdamagesis,sandsnotsonsthessp
ecificssitessthatsaresdamaged.
ANS:s s B DIF: Moderate REF: ThesScopesofsCognitivesPsychology
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patientsssufferingsfromsclinicalsamnesiasarescharacterizedsby
a. memorysdysfunction. c. inarticulatesspeech.
b. ansinabilitystosrecognizespatterns. d. impairedslanguagescomprehension.
ANS:s A DIF: Easy REF:
AmnesiasandsMemorysLosssOBJ: 1.2 MSC:sRemembering
8. Thesterms“introspection”srefersstosthe
a. processsbyswhichsonesindividualsseeksstosinfersthesthoughtssofsanothersindividual.
b. proceduresofsexaminingsthoughtsprocessingsbysmonitoringsthesbrain’sselectricalsactivity.
, c. processsofseachspersonslookingswithin,stosobserveshissorshersownsthoughtssandsideas.
d. techniquesofsstudyingsthoughtsbysinterpretingsthessymbolssusedsinscommunication.
ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sRemembering
9. Asparticipantsissaskedstoslookswithinshimselfsorsherselfsandsreportsonshissorshersownsmentalsprocesses.sThissmethod
isscalled
a. logicalsinference. c. introspection.
b. reconstruction. s d.
ANS:s C DIF: Easy REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sRemembering
10. Ofsthesfollowing,sintrospectionsissLEASTsusefulsforsstudying
a. topicssthatsaresstronglyscoloredsbysemotion.
b. mentalseventssthatsaresunconscious.
c. processessthatsinvolvesconceptualsknowledge.
d. eventssthatstakesaslongstimestosunfold.
ANS:s B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sUnderstanding
11. WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsintrospectionsissFALSE?
a. Itsissthesonlyswaystosobservesconsciousseventssdirectly.
b. Itsisssubjective.
c. Itsprovidessstrongsevidencesforshypothesis-testing.
d. Itswassastechniquesusedshistoricallystosstudyscognition.
ANS:s C DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sUnderstanding
12. Genieswondersswhysshescansneversremembersthesnamessofsnewsacquaintances.sInssearchsofsansanswer,sshesexaminessan
dsreflectssonshersfeelingssaboutsmeetingsnewspeople.sGeniesissengagedsinswhichsprocess?
a. practicalsrehearsal c. learningshistorysanalysis
b. introspection d. goalsretrieval
ANS:s B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThesLimitssofsIntrospectionsOBJ: 1.3 MSC:sApplying
13. Introspectionswassemployedsassasresearchstoolsinstheslates1800ssbecause
a. itswassregardedsassthesonlyswaystosobservesthesmind’sscontentssdirectly.
b. itsprovidedsdatasfromsindividualsswithoutsanysspecializedstraining.
c. consciousseventssaresjustsassimportantsassunconscioussevents.
