Bio WGU study for OA c190
The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate and migrate
toward opposite poles. - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphase I-
The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister chromatids (now
individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell. - CORRECT
ANSWER-anaphase II-
Deliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based on desired traits. -
CORRECT ANSWER-artificial selection-
A type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are created from a single
parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria -
CORRECT ANSWER-asexual reproduction -
- CORRECT ANSWER-and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this
manner.
The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its unique
properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Atom-
Describes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
- CORRECT ANSWER-Autosomal-
A chromosome not involved in sex determination. - CORRECT ANSWER-autosomal
chromosome-
The processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components
in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the
nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER-biogeochemical
cycle-
A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major habitat.
Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biome-
The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to
become more suited to an environment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Adaptation-
A process that requires oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Aerobic-
, - CORRECT ANSWER-Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be
genes that encode eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while others encode
brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles).
A small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group,
and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids
are the building blocks of proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER-amino acids -
A process that occurs without oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Anaerobic-
A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell reproduction).
Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each
set of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Anaphase-
A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar environmental
conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biomes-
All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of supporting life. -
CORRECT ANSWER-biosphere-
son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical reactions that take place in
chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes
place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson
Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER-Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben
The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with carbohydrate groups
attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell its
identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human
blood types. - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbohydrates-
The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the atmosphere, water,
land, and ecosystems. - CORRECT ANSWER-carbon cycle-
A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides. - CORRECT
ANSWER-cell cycle-
Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the plasma
membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also
contain lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made
of cellulose and chitin, respectively. - CORRECT ANSWER-cell wall-
, Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic respiration. -
CORRECT ANSWER-cellular respiration-
A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division; also
the connection point of sister chromatids. - CORRECT ANSWER-Centromere-
A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll gives plants
their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chlorophyll-
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled eukaryotic
organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture
solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of
organic food molecules (sugars). A chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular
chromosome. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chloroplast-
One of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S phase of the cell
cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each
other during mitosis or meiosis II. - CORRECT ANSWER-Sister Chromatid -
The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA combines
with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing
ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. - CORRECT ANSWER-Citric acid cycle-
It is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a probable result of
human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use. -
CORRECT ANSWER-climate change-
A form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully
expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor
recessive. A typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Codominance-
A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which amino acid
should be added to a growing polypeptide chain. - CORRECT ANSWER-Codons-
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not, but also
is not harmed. - CORRECT ANSWER-Commensalism-
A type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Competition-
The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate and migrate
toward opposite poles. - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphase I-
The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister chromatids (now
individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell. - CORRECT
ANSWER-anaphase II-
Deliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based on desired traits. -
CORRECT ANSWER-artificial selection-
A type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are created from a single
parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria -
CORRECT ANSWER-asexual reproduction -
- CORRECT ANSWER-and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this
manner.
The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its unique
properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Atom-
Describes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
- CORRECT ANSWER-Autosomal-
A chromosome not involved in sex determination. - CORRECT ANSWER-autosomal
chromosome-
The processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components
in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the
nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER-biogeochemical
cycle-
A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major habitat.
Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biome-
The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to
become more suited to an environment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Adaptation-
A process that requires oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Aerobic-
, - CORRECT ANSWER-Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be
genes that encode eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while others encode
brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles).
A small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group,
and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids
are the building blocks of proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER-amino acids -
A process that occurs without oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Anaerobic-
A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell reproduction).
Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each
set of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Anaphase-
A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar environmental
conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biomes-
All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of supporting life. -
CORRECT ANSWER-biosphere-
son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical reactions that take place in
chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes
place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson
Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER-Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben
The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with carbohydrate groups
attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell its
identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human
blood types. - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbohydrates-
The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the atmosphere, water,
land, and ecosystems. - CORRECT ANSWER-carbon cycle-
A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides. - CORRECT
ANSWER-cell cycle-
Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the plasma
membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also
contain lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made
of cellulose and chitin, respectively. - CORRECT ANSWER-cell wall-
, Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic respiration. -
CORRECT ANSWER-cellular respiration-
A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division; also
the connection point of sister chromatids. - CORRECT ANSWER-Centromere-
A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll gives plants
their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chlorophyll-
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled eukaryotic
organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture
solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of
organic food molecules (sugars). A chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular
chromosome. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chloroplast-
One of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S phase of the cell
cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each
other during mitosis or meiosis II. - CORRECT ANSWER-Sister Chromatid -
The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA combines
with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing
ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. - CORRECT ANSWER-Citric acid cycle-
It is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a probable result of
human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use. -
CORRECT ANSWER-climate change-
A form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully
expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor
recessive. A typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Codominance-
A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which amino acid
should be added to a growing polypeptide chain. - CORRECT ANSWER-Codons-
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not, but also
is not harmed. - CORRECT ANSWER-Commensalism-
A type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Competition-
