NURS 231 (2024-2025)PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM
A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. - ANSWER-False
Barrett esophagus
is an example of dysplasia - ANSWER-false
hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells - ANSWER-True
Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy - ANSWER-True
proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease - ANSWER-sensitivity
how likely the same result will occur if repeated - ANSWER-reliability
how a tool measures what it is intended to measure - ANSWER-validity
people without the disease who are negative on a given test - ANSWER-specificity
Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-it includes peroxisomes and
proteasomes
Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: Proteins
carry out the functions of the cell membrane
2:Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
3:Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: Controls the
transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
2:Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
3: Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: They are found
far from the site of energy consumption.
2:They control free radicals.
High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? - ANSWER-pathophysiology
A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these
examples of? - ANSWER-signs and symptoms
Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity? - ANSWER-If negative, it can safely
be assumed that the person does not have a disease
,Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? - ANSWER-
Etiologic factors
Define tertiary prevention and give an example: - ANSWER-Tertiary prevention occurs
after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must
take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - ANSWER-In dry gangrene
the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to
dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial
blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is
cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on
the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread
of tissue damage is rapid.
Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. -
ANSWER-necrosis is cell death to an organ or tissue with still being apart of a living
person. An example of this would be luiquefactive necrosis. this is when the cells die and
the catalytic enzymes do not get destroyed after the cells death. This could cause
necrosis
sunburn - ANSWER-radiation injury
obesity - ANSWER-nutritional imbalances
reactive oxygen species - ANSWER-free radical injury
low oxygen to tissues - ANSWER-hypoxic cell injury
fractures - ANSWER-physical agents
OTC drugs - ANSWER-Chemical injury
hypothermia - ANSWER-physical agents
radiation treatment - ANSWER-radiation injury
lead toxicity - ANSWER-chemical injury
bacteria - ANSWER-biologic agents
List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of
each. - ANSWER-Epithelial tissue- covers the body's outer surface, it is avascular and
gets its o2 from the capillaries found in the neighboring connective tissues, and example
of this is simple squamous tissue which means one layer of thin cells.
,Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue- is found all throughout the body, helps with communication between
tissues and the central nervous system. it aids in the functions of the body due to internal
and external stimuli, helps with movement, and electrical signaling. neurons are an
example of this, they aid in communicating to other cells in the body, they are held and
supported by glial cells.
Connective tissue
What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other
particulate matter? - ANSWER-Phagocytosis
What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or
chemical gradient? - ANSWER-Active transport
Give one function of a membrane potential: - ANSWER-Generate nerve impulse, muscle
contractions, or cause hormone secretion
What is the term that best describes the following process?
A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane
that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. - ANSWER-facilitated
diffusion
Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? -
ANSWER-False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess
response to therapy or reoccurrence.
Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? - ANSWER-Diagnosing the correct
cancer and histology.
Explain the TNM system: - ANSWER-T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor.
N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes.
M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer
diagnosis: - ANSWER-fatigue, anemia
What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? -
ANSWER-Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and
anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances
When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? - ANSWER-if it is a solid
tumor and has clear margins
Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression.
What are the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this? - ANSWER-loss of RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets, anemia, and hemolysis
, Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types. - ANSWER-false
Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types.
Correct! - ANSWER-True
What are two important properties that stem cells possess? - ANSWER-Potency and self-
renewal
Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? - ANSWER-
Epithelial
Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? - ANSWER-A polyp is a growth that projects
from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? - ANSWER-
protooncogenes
What type of gene is involved in repairing damaged DNA? - ANSWER-Tumor suppressor
gene
A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has
a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her?
Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor - ANSWER-i would
explain to her that it is a benign tumor, and that there is nothing to worry about
1 benign tumors grow by expansion and are usually encapsulated; while malignant
tumors grow by invading and taking over tissue
2: benign tissue is well differentiated and looks like the tissue of origin, while malignant
cells are undifferentiated and are atypical and do not look like the tissues of origin.
A 50-year-old woman was diagnosed with breast cancer from tissue biopsy following her
diagnostic mammography. They are determining if it has spread to the lymph nodes. (1)
Explain what the sentinel node is. (2) How will they determine if it has spread to the lymph
system? (3) Would a detailed family history of disease be important to obtain? -
ANSWER-The sentinel node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains.
The extent of disease may be determined through lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph
node biopsy. A radioactive tracer and/or blue dye is injected into the tumor to determine
the first lymph node. This lymph node is examined for the presence of cancer cells. Yes,
heredity can be a strong risk factor for cancer in some families.
Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply -
ANSWER-Variable rate of growth &
Spreads by metastasis
A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. - ANSWER-False
Barrett esophagus
is an example of dysplasia - ANSWER-false
hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells - ANSWER-True
Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy - ANSWER-True
proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease - ANSWER-sensitivity
how likely the same result will occur if repeated - ANSWER-reliability
how a tool measures what it is intended to measure - ANSWER-validity
people without the disease who are negative on a given test - ANSWER-specificity
Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-it includes peroxisomes and
proteasomes
Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: Proteins
carry out the functions of the cell membrane
2:Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
3:Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: Controls the
transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
2:Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
3: Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-1: They are found
far from the site of energy consumption.
2:They control free radicals.
High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? - ANSWER-pathophysiology
A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these
examples of? - ANSWER-signs and symptoms
Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity? - ANSWER-If negative, it can safely
be assumed that the person does not have a disease
,Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? - ANSWER-
Etiologic factors
Define tertiary prevention and give an example: - ANSWER-Tertiary prevention occurs
after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must
take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - ANSWER-In dry gangrene
the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to
dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial
blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is
cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on
the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread
of tissue damage is rapid.
Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. -
ANSWER-necrosis is cell death to an organ or tissue with still being apart of a living
person. An example of this would be luiquefactive necrosis. this is when the cells die and
the catalytic enzymes do not get destroyed after the cells death. This could cause
necrosis
sunburn - ANSWER-radiation injury
obesity - ANSWER-nutritional imbalances
reactive oxygen species - ANSWER-free radical injury
low oxygen to tissues - ANSWER-hypoxic cell injury
fractures - ANSWER-physical agents
OTC drugs - ANSWER-Chemical injury
hypothermia - ANSWER-physical agents
radiation treatment - ANSWER-radiation injury
lead toxicity - ANSWER-chemical injury
bacteria - ANSWER-biologic agents
List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of
each. - ANSWER-Epithelial tissue- covers the body's outer surface, it is avascular and
gets its o2 from the capillaries found in the neighboring connective tissues, and example
of this is simple squamous tissue which means one layer of thin cells.
,Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue- is found all throughout the body, helps with communication between
tissues and the central nervous system. it aids in the functions of the body due to internal
and external stimuli, helps with movement, and electrical signaling. neurons are an
example of this, they aid in communicating to other cells in the body, they are held and
supported by glial cells.
Connective tissue
What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other
particulate matter? - ANSWER-Phagocytosis
What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or
chemical gradient? - ANSWER-Active transport
Give one function of a membrane potential: - ANSWER-Generate nerve impulse, muscle
contractions, or cause hormone secretion
What is the term that best describes the following process?
A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane
that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. - ANSWER-facilitated
diffusion
Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? -
ANSWER-False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess
response to therapy or reoccurrence.
Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? - ANSWER-Diagnosing the correct
cancer and histology.
Explain the TNM system: - ANSWER-T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor.
N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes.
M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer
diagnosis: - ANSWER-fatigue, anemia
What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? -
ANSWER-Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and
anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances
When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? - ANSWER-if it is a solid
tumor and has clear margins
Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression.
What are the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this? - ANSWER-loss of RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets, anemia, and hemolysis
, Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types. - ANSWER-false
Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types.
Correct! - ANSWER-True
What are two important properties that stem cells possess? - ANSWER-Potency and self-
renewal
Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? - ANSWER-
Epithelial
Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? - ANSWER-A polyp is a growth that projects
from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? - ANSWER-
protooncogenes
What type of gene is involved in repairing damaged DNA? - ANSWER-Tumor suppressor
gene
A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has
a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her?
Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor - ANSWER-i would
explain to her that it is a benign tumor, and that there is nothing to worry about
1 benign tumors grow by expansion and are usually encapsulated; while malignant
tumors grow by invading and taking over tissue
2: benign tissue is well differentiated and looks like the tissue of origin, while malignant
cells are undifferentiated and are atypical and do not look like the tissues of origin.
A 50-year-old woman was diagnosed with breast cancer from tissue biopsy following her
diagnostic mammography. They are determining if it has spread to the lymph nodes. (1)
Explain what the sentinel node is. (2) How will they determine if it has spread to the lymph
system? (3) Would a detailed family history of disease be important to obtain? -
ANSWER-The sentinel node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains.
The extent of disease may be determined through lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph
node biopsy. A radioactive tracer and/or blue dye is injected into the tumor to determine
the first lymph node. This lymph node is examined for the presence of cancer cells. Yes,
heredity can be a strong risk factor for cancer in some families.
Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply -
ANSWER-Variable rate of growth &
Spreads by metastasis
