BIOSCI 107 TEST STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Level - Answers :Atoms - smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions eg. C, H, O
Molecules - two or more atoms joined together e.g. DNA, glucose
Cellular Level - Answers :Molecules combine to form cells, basic structural & functional
units of an organism that are composed of chemicals e.g. muscle cells, nerve cells,
epithelial cells
Tissue Level - Answers :Tissues are groups of cells & the materials surrounding them
that work together to perform a particular function. Four basic types of tissues;
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Organ Level - Answers :Two or more different types of tissues joined together. Each of
which has specific functions and usually has a recognisable shape eg. stomach, skin,
bones, heart, liver, lungs and brain
System Level - Answers :Consists of organs that are related through a common function
e.g. digestive system. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system eg.
pancreas belongs to both digestive and endocrine systems
Metabolism - Answers :Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes
two phases; catabolism, breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components, and anabolism, building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components
Responsiveness - Answers :Boys ability to detect and respond to changes eg. increase
in body temperature during fever is a change in internal environment in response to
infection
Movement - Answers :Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells eg. coordinated action of leg muscles moves whole body
from one place to another when walking/running
Growth - Answers :Increase in body size that results from increase in size of existing
cells, an increase in number of cells, or both. Also, tissue sometimes increases in size
because amount of material between cells increases
Differentiation - Answers :Development of a cell from unspecialised to specialised state.
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are
called stem cells. Each type of cell in the body has specialised structure and function
that differs from it's precursor cells. Also through differentiation, ovum develop into
embryo -> fetus -> infant -> child -> adult
, Reproduction - Answers :Refers to either formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair, reproduction or production of new individual
Integumentary System - Answers :Made up of skin and associated structures, such as
hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. Protects body, helps
regulate body temperature; eliminates some waste; helps make vitamin D; detects
sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
Skeletal System - Answers :Made up of bones and joints of the body and their
associated cartilages. Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle
attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores
minerals and lipids
Muscular System - Answers :Made up of skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually
attached to bones ( other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). Participates in
body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat
Nervous System - Answers :Made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense
organs, such as eyes and ears. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments,
interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular
secretions.
Endocrine System - Answers :Made up of hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other
organs. Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messages
transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
Cardiovascular System - Answers :Made up of heart, blood and blood vessels. Heart
pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and
carbon dioxide and waste away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance,
temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against
disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic and Immune System - Answers :Made up of lymphatic fluid and vessels;
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B
cells, T cells etc.). Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal
tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that
protects against disease-causing microbes
Respiratory System - Answers :Made up of lungs and air passageways such as the
pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into
and out of lungs. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from
blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of
lungs through vocal cords produces sound
Chemical Level - Answers :Atoms - smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions eg. C, H, O
Molecules - two or more atoms joined together e.g. DNA, glucose
Cellular Level - Answers :Molecules combine to form cells, basic structural & functional
units of an organism that are composed of chemicals e.g. muscle cells, nerve cells,
epithelial cells
Tissue Level - Answers :Tissues are groups of cells & the materials surrounding them
that work together to perform a particular function. Four basic types of tissues;
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Organ Level - Answers :Two or more different types of tissues joined together. Each of
which has specific functions and usually has a recognisable shape eg. stomach, skin,
bones, heart, liver, lungs and brain
System Level - Answers :Consists of organs that are related through a common function
e.g. digestive system. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system eg.
pancreas belongs to both digestive and endocrine systems
Metabolism - Answers :Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes
two phases; catabolism, breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components, and anabolism, building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components
Responsiveness - Answers :Boys ability to detect and respond to changes eg. increase
in body temperature during fever is a change in internal environment in response to
infection
Movement - Answers :Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells eg. coordinated action of leg muscles moves whole body
from one place to another when walking/running
Growth - Answers :Increase in body size that results from increase in size of existing
cells, an increase in number of cells, or both. Also, tissue sometimes increases in size
because amount of material between cells increases
Differentiation - Answers :Development of a cell from unspecialised to specialised state.
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are
called stem cells. Each type of cell in the body has specialised structure and function
that differs from it's precursor cells. Also through differentiation, ovum develop into
embryo -> fetus -> infant -> child -> adult
, Reproduction - Answers :Refers to either formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair, reproduction or production of new individual
Integumentary System - Answers :Made up of skin and associated structures, such as
hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. Protects body, helps
regulate body temperature; eliminates some waste; helps make vitamin D; detects
sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
Skeletal System - Answers :Made up of bones and joints of the body and their
associated cartilages. Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle
attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores
minerals and lipids
Muscular System - Answers :Made up of skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually
attached to bones ( other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). Participates in
body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat
Nervous System - Answers :Made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense
organs, such as eyes and ears. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments,
interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular
secretions.
Endocrine System - Answers :Made up of hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other
organs. Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messages
transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
Cardiovascular System - Answers :Made up of heart, blood and blood vessels. Heart
pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and
carbon dioxide and waste away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance,
temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against
disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic and Immune System - Answers :Made up of lymphatic fluid and vessels;
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B
cells, T cells etc.). Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal
tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that
protects against disease-causing microbes
Respiratory System - Answers :Made up of lungs and air passageways such as the
pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into
and out of lungs. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from
blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of
lungs through vocal cords produces sound
