5/9/25, 10:11 AM Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RE…
Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RECENTLY
TESTING REAL EXAM QUESTIONS|VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT)
Save
Terms in this set (111)
What hormone(s) lower calcitonin
blood calcium levels?
What does homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment; focuses
mean? on dynamic equilibrium
What are negative mechanisms that resist change; most common method
feedback mechanisms? of maintaining homeostasis
mechanisms that amplify change (leads to greater
What are positive
change in the same direction); doesn't usually
feedback mechanisms?
contribute to homeostasis
1. receptor (sensor): structure that senses change in
the body
What are the steps of 2. integrating (control) center: processes sensory
homeostatic mechanisms? information and directs the response
3. effector: cell/organ that carries out the action to
restore homeostasis
What is a concentration difference between concentration of a substance on
gradient? either side of a membrane
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,5/9/25, 10:11 AM Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RE…
Passive transport: does it No; molecules move down/with their concentration
require energy and which gradient (from high concentration to low
way do molecules move in concentration)
terms of their
concentration gradient?
Active transport: does it Yes; molecules move up/against their concentration
require energy and which gradient (from low concentration to high
way do molecules move in concentration)
terms of their
concentration gradient?
-proteins that are embedded in the membrane
What are membrane
-decides what ethers/exits through the membrane
proteins?
-can be transmembrane or peripheral
-proteins that bind to ligands
What are receptor
-ligand reception -> transduction cascade ->
proteins?
intracellular response
-proteins that move substances from one side of
What are transport
membrane to the others
proteins?
-divided into channel proteins and carrier proteins
-proteins that act as a pore in the membrane to allow
What are channel molecules to pass through
proteins? -can be open channels that are always open or gated
channels that open under certain conditions
-ligand-gated: receptor and channel in open and
hormones open them
What are the different
-mechanically-gated: open due to mechanical change
types of gated channels?
-voltage-gated: open due to change in charge across
the membrane
-mechanism where a membrane protein is used to
What is carrier-mediated transport substances across the membrane
transport? -can be active to passive
-need a protein carrier to enter membrane
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, 5/9/25, 10:11 AM Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RE…
-simple diffusion: moment of solute down their
concentration gradient
What are the different -facilitated diffusion: membrane transport protein
forms of passive required to move particles down their concentration
transport? gradient
-osmosis: flow of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
-small, hydrophobic molecules
What molecules can move -gases
using simple diffusion? -small, uncharged polar molecules
-some water
-large uncharged polar molecules
What molecules can move -charged ions
using facilitated diffusion? -charged polar molecules
-some water
-water move towards the higher solute concentration
What direction does water
(to dilute to make solute concentration even)
flow during osmosis?
-use aquaporins
-primary uses ATP directly likes pumps
What is the difference -secondary uses ATP indirectly; depends on
between primary and concentration gradients AND ATP use elsewhere
secondary active -can think of secondary active transport like hitching a
transport? ride (one molecule diffusing and another hitching a
ride with it)
What is an example of -sodium potassium pump; ATP directly used to power
primary active transport? pump
What is an example of -sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT); sodium carried
secondary active into the cell down its gradient and glucose hitches a
transport? ride, ATP used indirectly at the Na/K pump
What is the function of protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, sensation
epithelial tissue?
https://quizlet.com/1041865963/final-exam-anatomy-and-physiology-i-2025-comprehensive-exam-questions-frequently-tested-questions-recently-testi… 3/16
Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RECENTLY
TESTING REAL EXAM QUESTIONS|VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT)
Save
Terms in this set (111)
What hormone(s) lower calcitonin
blood calcium levels?
What does homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment; focuses
mean? on dynamic equilibrium
What are negative mechanisms that resist change; most common method
feedback mechanisms? of maintaining homeostasis
mechanisms that amplify change (leads to greater
What are positive
change in the same direction); doesn't usually
feedback mechanisms?
contribute to homeostasis
1. receptor (sensor): structure that senses change in
the body
What are the steps of 2. integrating (control) center: processes sensory
homeostatic mechanisms? information and directs the response
3. effector: cell/organ that carries out the action to
restore homeostasis
What is a concentration difference between concentration of a substance on
gradient? either side of a membrane
https://quizlet.com/1041865963/final-exam-anatomy-and-physiology-i-2025-comprehensive-exam-questions-frequently-tested-questions-recently-testi… 1/16
,5/9/25, 10:11 AM Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RE…
Passive transport: does it No; molecules move down/with their concentration
require energy and which gradient (from high concentration to low
way do molecules move in concentration)
terms of their
concentration gradient?
Active transport: does it Yes; molecules move up/against their concentration
require energy and which gradient (from low concentration to high
way do molecules move in concentration)
terms of their
concentration gradient?
-proteins that are embedded in the membrane
What are membrane
-decides what ethers/exits through the membrane
proteins?
-can be transmembrane or peripheral
-proteins that bind to ligands
What are receptor
-ligand reception -> transduction cascade ->
proteins?
intracellular response
-proteins that move substances from one side of
What are transport
membrane to the others
proteins?
-divided into channel proteins and carrier proteins
-proteins that act as a pore in the membrane to allow
What are channel molecules to pass through
proteins? -can be open channels that are always open or gated
channels that open under certain conditions
-ligand-gated: receptor and channel in open and
hormones open them
What are the different
-mechanically-gated: open due to mechanical change
types of gated channels?
-voltage-gated: open due to change in charge across
the membrane
-mechanism where a membrane protein is used to
What is carrier-mediated transport substances across the membrane
transport? -can be active to passive
-need a protein carrier to enter membrane
https://quizlet.com/1041865963/final-exam-anatomy-and-physiology-i-2025-comprehensive-exam-questions-frequently-tested-questions-recently-testi… 2/16
, 5/9/25, 10:11 AM Final Exam : Anatomy and Physiology I - 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RE…
-simple diffusion: moment of solute down their
concentration gradient
What are the different -facilitated diffusion: membrane transport protein
forms of passive required to move particles down their concentration
transport? gradient
-osmosis: flow of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
-small, hydrophobic molecules
What molecules can move -gases
using simple diffusion? -small, uncharged polar molecules
-some water
-large uncharged polar molecules
What molecules can move -charged ions
using facilitated diffusion? -charged polar molecules
-some water
-water move towards the higher solute concentration
What direction does water
(to dilute to make solute concentration even)
flow during osmosis?
-use aquaporins
-primary uses ATP directly likes pumps
What is the difference -secondary uses ATP indirectly; depends on
between primary and concentration gradients AND ATP use elsewhere
secondary active -can think of secondary active transport like hitching a
transport? ride (one molecule diffusing and another hitching a
ride with it)
What is an example of -sodium potassium pump; ATP directly used to power
primary active transport? pump
What is an example of -sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT); sodium carried
secondary active into the cell down its gradient and glucose hitches a
transport? ride, ATP used indirectly at the Na/K pump
What is the function of protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, sensation
epithelial tissue?
https://quizlet.com/1041865963/final-exam-anatomy-and-physiology-i-2025-comprehensive-exam-questions-frequently-tested-questions-recently-testi… 3/16
