NST10 Midterm 3 Exam 2025
Questions and Answers
placenta - ANSWER✔✔-transiet organ that is made from maternal and fetal tissues that
allows nutrient and air exchange between mother and fetus
-is the source of hormones to maintain the pregnancy
-temporary organ that only exists in pre-pregnancy
physiological changes in mother's body - ANSWER✔✔--hormones cortisol, prolactin,
estrogen, and progesterone alter energy metabolism --> increased use of fatty acids and
anti-insulin effects
-glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to insure continuous nutrient transport to the
fetus via the placenta
-increased levels of LDL, HDL, free FA and utilization of fatty acids and fat deposition
anti-insulin effect - ANSWER✔✔-needs to be a gradient (high glucose in maternal
blood, low glucose in fetal blood) so that glucose can pass through by diffusion.
,-glucose uses passive diffusion
amino acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - ANSWER✔✔-
active transport
fatty acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - ANSWER✔✔-
gradient dependent diffusion
insulin - ANSWER✔✔-insulin is not made by the fetus - all of it must come from the
mother
it is transported via the placenta by binding/cleavage
energy needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in energy needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite
small
-during 2nd trimester, during the fetal phase, energy expenditure rises an extra 340
kcal/day
-during 3rd trimester, expenditure rises to 450 kcal/day
protein needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
-during 2nd trimester, additional 25 g/day
-during 3rd trimester, additional 1.1g/kg/day
,micronutrient needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--vitamin A needed for cell
differentiation
-all B vitamins need to be increased during pregnancy in order to provide for more
energy needs (rapid cell division in fetus requires more energy)
-iron/zinc --> important factors for enzymes that are involved in DNA/protein
synthesis
-iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (nerve metabolism)
-vitamin C for production of collagen
-Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin: support maternal and fetal tissue growth and
increasing energy use
nutrient needs of pregnant teenage mothers - ANSWER✔✔--nutrient needs are higher
for pregnant teenagers than mothers over the age of 20 because teenage bodies are still
developing
-teenage mothers are at risk of having pregnancy complications because their bodies
haven't stopped developing
-all nutrients have increased needs
meeting nutrient needs - ANSWER✔✔--1st trimester --> just eat the same way as during
pre-pregnancy
, -2nd trimester --> increase of selected dietary items (protein/grains). Not calcium
because calcium comes from mothers' bones
-3rd trimester --> same as 2nd
-need more water as well
pregnant women need folate because - ANSWER✔✔--present in most foods from
animal and plant origin
-is necessary for neural tube formation and closure
-involved in new DNA synthesis
-recommended increase in 400micrograms of folic acid for pregnant women
neural tube defects - ANSWER✔✔--causes spina bifida --> spinal cord is exposed
-can cause anencephaly (abnormal brain and skull formation)
anencephaly - ANSWER✔✔-condition where brain and skull do not form normally due
to folate deficiency
macrocytic anemia - ANSWER✔✔--is caused by folate deficiency in mothers --> when
red blood cells don't divide
-caused the US to mandate the fortification of foods with folic acid due to problem
before 1998
Questions and Answers
placenta - ANSWER✔✔-transiet organ that is made from maternal and fetal tissues that
allows nutrient and air exchange between mother and fetus
-is the source of hormones to maintain the pregnancy
-temporary organ that only exists in pre-pregnancy
physiological changes in mother's body - ANSWER✔✔--hormones cortisol, prolactin,
estrogen, and progesterone alter energy metabolism --> increased use of fatty acids and
anti-insulin effects
-glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to insure continuous nutrient transport to the
fetus via the placenta
-increased levels of LDL, HDL, free FA and utilization of fatty acids and fat deposition
anti-insulin effect - ANSWER✔✔-needs to be a gradient (high glucose in maternal
blood, low glucose in fetal blood) so that glucose can pass through by diffusion.
,-glucose uses passive diffusion
amino acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - ANSWER✔✔-
active transport
fatty acids use _______ to go through placenta from mother to fetus - ANSWER✔✔-
gradient dependent diffusion
insulin - ANSWER✔✔-insulin is not made by the fetus - all of it must come from the
mother
it is transported via the placenta by binding/cleavage
energy needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in energy needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite
small
-during 2nd trimester, during the fetal phase, energy expenditure rises an extra 340
kcal/day
-during 3rd trimester, expenditure rises to 450 kcal/day
protein needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--during 1st trimester, there is no
increase in needs because this is the embryonic phase, and the embryo is quite small
-during 2nd trimester, additional 25 g/day
-during 3rd trimester, additional 1.1g/kg/day
,micronutrient needs during pregnancy - ANSWER✔✔--vitamin A needed for cell
differentiation
-all B vitamins need to be increased during pregnancy in order to provide for more
energy needs (rapid cell division in fetus requires more energy)
-iron/zinc --> important factors for enzymes that are involved in DNA/protein
synthesis
-iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (nerve metabolism)
-vitamin C for production of collagen
-Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin: support maternal and fetal tissue growth and
increasing energy use
nutrient needs of pregnant teenage mothers - ANSWER✔✔--nutrient needs are higher
for pregnant teenagers than mothers over the age of 20 because teenage bodies are still
developing
-teenage mothers are at risk of having pregnancy complications because their bodies
haven't stopped developing
-all nutrients have increased needs
meeting nutrient needs - ANSWER✔✔--1st trimester --> just eat the same way as during
pre-pregnancy
, -2nd trimester --> increase of selected dietary items (protein/grains). Not calcium
because calcium comes from mothers' bones
-3rd trimester --> same as 2nd
-need more water as well
pregnant women need folate because - ANSWER✔✔--present in most foods from
animal and plant origin
-is necessary for neural tube formation and closure
-involved in new DNA synthesis
-recommended increase in 400micrograms of folic acid for pregnant women
neural tube defects - ANSWER✔✔--causes spina bifida --> spinal cord is exposed
-can cause anencephaly (abnormal brain and skull formation)
anencephaly - ANSWER✔✔-condition where brain and skull do not form normally due
to folate deficiency
macrocytic anemia - ANSWER✔✔--is caused by folate deficiency in mothers --> when
red blood cells don't divide
-caused the US to mandate the fortification of foods with folic acid due to problem
before 1998
