MASTER NCTRC EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Foundational Knowledge (Section A) - Correct Answers -Theories and Concepts
Erik Erickson's Stages of Human Development - Correct Answers -Erik Erikson (1950,
1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight
stages from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a
psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality
development.
Infancy - Correct Answers -Trust vs. mistrust stage
Feeding and other needs are met fully and consistently or not.
Years 0-1
Toddlerhood - Correct Answers -Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Feelings of personal control and independence with successful toilet-training/other
physical skills, OR shame and self doubt with failure
Years 2-3
Reliability - Correct Answers -Estimate of the consistency of measurement
Validity - Correct Answers -The extent to which the assessment meets its intended
purpose
Usability and Practicability - Correct Answers -Involve whether the assessment is "do-
able" as far as:
-time constraints
-ease of use
-cost
-availability
-staff knowledge and ability
Availability - Correct Answers -Is this assessment available for use by TR?
Preschool - Correct Answers -Initiative vs. Guilt
Success exploring and asserting power/control over environment brings sense of
purpose OR excessive, destructive power/disapproval brings guilty feelings
Years 3-6
School-Age - Correct Answers -Industry vs Inferiority
,Successfully meeting academic and social demands brings a sense of competence OR
failure, feelings of inadequacy
Years 7-12
Adolescence - Correct Answers -Identity vs Role Confusion
Forging a personal identity and sense of self enables being true to oneself OR failing, a
weak sense of self and role unsureness
Years 12-18
Early Adulthood - Correct Answers -Intimacy vs Isolation
To lose and find oneself in a
another, love, promiscuity, exclusivity
Years: 20-45
Middle Adulthood - Correct Answers -Generatively vs stagnation
Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accomplishment
and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement
Years 30-65
Later Adulthood - Correct Answers -Ego Integrity vs Despair
Satisfying life reviews bring fulfillment and wisdom OR failure, bitterness and regret.
Years: 50+
Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Human Behavior - Correct Answers -Albert Maslow
We have a hierarchy of needs, visualized in pyramid form.
At base are physiological needs: sleep, water, food, and being warm; then needs for
safety and security.
Psychological needs follow: love friendship and belonging, then esteem needs for
feelings of accomplishment and prestige.
Above these are self-actualization needs to fulfill one's highest potential
Social Learning Theory - Correct Answers -Albert Bandura
New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely
through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or
direct reinforcement.
Learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process
known as vicarious reinforcement. When a particular behavior is rewarded regularly, it
will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is constantly punished, it will
most likely desist.
Experiential Learning Model - Correct Answers -David Kolb
Learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as "learning through
reflection on doing".
Hands-on learning, action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning,
cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
, Self-Determination Theory - Correct Answers -A theory of motivation and personality
that addresses three universal, innate and psychological needs: competence,
autonomy, and psychological relatedness.
Stress Coping - Correct Answers -Stress is a normal part of life and something you
cannot control, however you can control your response to stress.
Societal Attitudes - Correct Answers -Refer to prevailing beliefs espoused by and
influenced by governments, cultural orientation, historical background, or other
prevailing conditions.
Medical Model - Correct Answers -The oldest treatment model.
Evaluation typically includes lab analysis of physiological testing; treatment often
includes medication.
The physician in the primary practitioner who determines the role of the TRS.
Community Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model can also be known as
the special recreation model.
The ARC is included in this model.
Recreation is more community based for those with special needs and less institutional
Education Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model provides clients the
means to acquire the knowledge and skills they will need to become productive
members of society. TRS services include teaching leisure skills and social skills.
Strong paring with OT in this model.
Health and Wellness Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model has
changed over the recent years towards preventing illness before it occurs through
practices promoting wellness. Along with emphasizing wellness over illness, realization
has increases of the relationship between individual and community health.
Person-Centered Care - Correct Answers -This service delivery model of health and
human services regards the client not as an illness or disorder, but rather as a whole
person with specific preferences, gifts, and strengths.
This helps decrease client dependence on the system while promoting client community
living and engagement
ICF (International Classification of Functioning) - Correct Answers -A classification of
the health components of functioning and disability.
World Health Organization (WHO) produced this consistent and meaningful system that
enables global consensus for a useful, meaningful structure and language of
classifications, data, and health interventions.
Recovery Model - Correct Answers -The model of human service delivery is used for
both addictions and serious mental illnesses.
Foundational Knowledge (Section A) - Correct Answers -Theories and Concepts
Erik Erickson's Stages of Human Development - Correct Answers -Erik Erikson (1950,
1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight
stages from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a
psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality
development.
Infancy - Correct Answers -Trust vs. mistrust stage
Feeding and other needs are met fully and consistently or not.
Years 0-1
Toddlerhood - Correct Answers -Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Feelings of personal control and independence with successful toilet-training/other
physical skills, OR shame and self doubt with failure
Years 2-3
Reliability - Correct Answers -Estimate of the consistency of measurement
Validity - Correct Answers -The extent to which the assessment meets its intended
purpose
Usability and Practicability - Correct Answers -Involve whether the assessment is "do-
able" as far as:
-time constraints
-ease of use
-cost
-availability
-staff knowledge and ability
Availability - Correct Answers -Is this assessment available for use by TR?
Preschool - Correct Answers -Initiative vs. Guilt
Success exploring and asserting power/control over environment brings sense of
purpose OR excessive, destructive power/disapproval brings guilty feelings
Years 3-6
School-Age - Correct Answers -Industry vs Inferiority
,Successfully meeting academic and social demands brings a sense of competence OR
failure, feelings of inadequacy
Years 7-12
Adolescence - Correct Answers -Identity vs Role Confusion
Forging a personal identity and sense of self enables being true to oneself OR failing, a
weak sense of self and role unsureness
Years 12-18
Early Adulthood - Correct Answers -Intimacy vs Isolation
To lose and find oneself in a
another, love, promiscuity, exclusivity
Years: 20-45
Middle Adulthood - Correct Answers -Generatively vs stagnation
Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accomplishment
and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement
Years 30-65
Later Adulthood - Correct Answers -Ego Integrity vs Despair
Satisfying life reviews bring fulfillment and wisdom OR failure, bitterness and regret.
Years: 50+
Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Human Behavior - Correct Answers -Albert Maslow
We have a hierarchy of needs, visualized in pyramid form.
At base are physiological needs: sleep, water, food, and being warm; then needs for
safety and security.
Psychological needs follow: love friendship and belonging, then esteem needs for
feelings of accomplishment and prestige.
Above these are self-actualization needs to fulfill one's highest potential
Social Learning Theory - Correct Answers -Albert Bandura
New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely
through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or
direct reinforcement.
Learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process
known as vicarious reinforcement. When a particular behavior is rewarded regularly, it
will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is constantly punished, it will
most likely desist.
Experiential Learning Model - Correct Answers -David Kolb
Learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as "learning through
reflection on doing".
Hands-on learning, action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning,
cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
, Self-Determination Theory - Correct Answers -A theory of motivation and personality
that addresses three universal, innate and psychological needs: competence,
autonomy, and psychological relatedness.
Stress Coping - Correct Answers -Stress is a normal part of life and something you
cannot control, however you can control your response to stress.
Societal Attitudes - Correct Answers -Refer to prevailing beliefs espoused by and
influenced by governments, cultural orientation, historical background, or other
prevailing conditions.
Medical Model - Correct Answers -The oldest treatment model.
Evaluation typically includes lab analysis of physiological testing; treatment often
includes medication.
The physician in the primary practitioner who determines the role of the TRS.
Community Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model can also be known as
the special recreation model.
The ARC is included in this model.
Recreation is more community based for those with special needs and less institutional
Education Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model provides clients the
means to acquire the knowledge and skills they will need to become productive
members of society. TRS services include teaching leisure skills and social skills.
Strong paring with OT in this model.
Health and Wellness Model - Correct Answers -This service delivery model has
changed over the recent years towards preventing illness before it occurs through
practices promoting wellness. Along with emphasizing wellness over illness, realization
has increases of the relationship between individual and community health.
Person-Centered Care - Correct Answers -This service delivery model of health and
human services regards the client not as an illness or disorder, but rather as a whole
person with specific preferences, gifts, and strengths.
This helps decrease client dependence on the system while promoting client community
living and engagement
ICF (International Classification of Functioning) - Correct Answers -A classification of
the health components of functioning and disability.
World Health Organization (WHO) produced this consistent and meaningful system that
enables global consensus for a useful, meaningful structure and language of
classifications, data, and health interventions.
Recovery Model - Correct Answers -The model of human service delivery is used for
both addictions and serious mental illnesses.
