PSY 4521 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Thebndifferencebnbetweenbnabnstressbnresponsebnandbnstressorbnexposurebn-bnanswers--
Stressbnresponsesbnarebnthebnpsychologicalbnandbnbiologicalbnresponsesbntobnstress
Stressbnexposuresbnarebnthebn"events"bnthemselvesbnwhichbncanbnrangebnfrombnmajorbncrisesbntobndail
ybnhasslesbnandbnambientbnstressors
Thesebnexposuresbndobnnotbnnecessarilybncausebnabnstressbnresponse
Thebndifferentbntypesbnofbnstressorbnexposuresbn(crises,bnmajorbnlifebnevents,bnetc.)—bebnablebnto
providebnanbnexamplebnofbneachbn-bnanswers--1.bnCrises:bnunforeseen,bnunpredictable
ex:bnNaturalbndisaster,bncarbnaccidents
2.bnMajorbnlifebnevents:bninfrequentbnevents,bnoftenbninvolvingbnlifebntransitions
ex:bnhavingbnabnbaby,bnmoving
3.bnDailybnhassles:bnFrequentbnminorbnnuisances
ex:bnabnsinkbnfullbnofbndishes,bnschoolwork,bnthingsbnthatbncanbnpilebnup
4.Ambientbnstressors:bnchronic,bnnegative,bnnon-urgent,bnphysicallybnperceptible,bnunchangeable
ex:bnrushbnhour,bnloudbnrestaurant
ThebnmainbnresultsbnfrombnthebnNCHAbnandbnotherbnstudiesbn(e.g.,bnthebnpercentagebnofbnstudents
reportingbnmorebnthanbnaveragebnstress,bnthebnmostbnfrequentlybnreportedbnstressors,bnthebnnumberbn
ofbnstressorsbnmostbnstudentsbnreport,bnwhatbnstudentsbnsaybnmostbnaffectsbntheirbnacademicbnperfor
,mance);bnseebnalsobnsummarybnslidebn-bnanswers--
MainbnresultsbnfrombnNCHA:bnMajoritybnofbnstudentsbn(45%)bnreportbnmorebnthanbnaveragebnorbntrem
endousbnstressbninbnpastbn12bnmonths
Mostbnfrequentlybnreportedbnstressorsbn(NCHA):bnAcademics,bnintimatebnrelationships,bnfinances,bnpers
onalbnappearance,bnsleepbndifficulties
Stressbnaffectedbntheirbnacademicbnperformancebnmorebnthanbnanybnotherbnfactor
52.3%bnofbncollegebnstudentsbnreportedbn3bnorbnmorebnstressors.bn
bnDuebntobnquestion-wording,bnthebnNCHAbnsurveybnyieldsbnhigherbnestimatesbnofbnstressorbnexposure.
Studentsbnsaybnstressbnaffectsbntheirbnacademicbnperformancebnmorebnthanbnanybnotherbnfactorbn(NCH
AbnandbnSHS)
•bnInbngeneral,bnstudentsbnreportbnmorebncopingbnefficacybnthanbnstressbn(SHSbnsurvey)
Agebngroupsbn-bnanswers--Olderbnadultsbn(agesbn73bnandbnolder)
bnB.bnBabybnboomersbn(agesbn54-72)
C.bnGenbnXersbn(agesbn40-53)
D.bnMillennialsbn(agesbn22-39)
E.bnGenbnZsbn(15-21)
ThebnmainbnfindingsbnfrombnthebnAPAbnStressbninbnAmericabnSurvey,bnincluding:
,obnAveragebnstressbnratingsbnvs.bnhealthybnlevelsbnofbnstress
obnThebnmainbnsourcesbnofbnstress
obnGroupbndifferencesbninbnstressbnlevelsbn(e.g.,bnage,bngender,bnrace)bn
obnMethodologicalbnissuesbn(seebnlastbnslide)bn-bnanswers--
USbnadultsbnratebntheirbnstressbnhigherbnthanbn"healthy"bnlevelbnofbnstress
2014bnMeanbnHEALTHYbnstressbnlevel:bn3.7
2014bnMeanbnstressbnlevel:bn4.9bn(averagebnforbnallbnadults)
Moneybn(64%bninbn2014)bnandbnworkbn(60%bninbn2014)bnarebnhistoricallybnthebnbiggestbnsourcesbnofbns
tress
Millennialsbn(agebn18-
38)bnreportbnthebnmostbnstressbn(nextbnisbnGetbnZ,bnGenbnX,bnboomersbnandbnolderbnadultsbnlast)
Womenbn(5.2bninbn2014)bnreportbnmorebnstressbnthanbnmenbn(4.5bninbn2014)
Hispanicbn(5.1)bnadultsbncurrentlybnreportbnmostbnstressbnthanbnanybnotherbnracebn(thenbnblack(4.9),bnl
astbnisbnwhite(4.7))
LGBTbnadultsbnreportbnhigherbnstressbnlevelsbnthanbntheirbnnon-LGBTbnpeers.
Methodologicalbnissues:bn
•bnSamplebnnotbnrepresentative
•bnAbn"healthy"bnlevelbnofbnstressbnisbnnotbndefinedbn
•bnNobninformationbnonbnstatisticalbnsignificancebn
•bnReportingbncanbnbebninconsistentbnoverbnthebnyearsbn
, •bnSourcesbnofbnstressbnassessedbnarebnlimited
•bnDon'tbnreallybnexplainbndecreasesbnoverbntime
HowbntobndescribebnthebnJobbnDemand-Resourcesbnmodelbn(includingbnthebndefinitionsbnofbnburnout
andbnworkbnengagement)bn-bnanswers--
verybninfluentialbnmodelbninbntermsbnofbnbothbnresearchbnandbnpractice
Workersbnwhobnhavebnmorebnjobbndemandsbnreportbnmorebnburnout.bn
Workersbnwithbnmorebnjobbnresourcesbnarebnlessbnburnedbnoutbnbutbnthebnrelationshipbnisbnnotbnasbnst
rongbnasbnthebnrelationshipbnbetweenbnjobbndemandsbnandbnburnouts.bn
Jobbndemandsbnandbnresourcesbninteractbnwithbneachbnother.bnWorstbncombobnisbnhighbndemandsbnan
dbnlowbnresources
Burnout:bnexhaustion,bncynicism,bnfeelingsbnofbnreducedbnefficacy.bnResultsbnfrombnchronicbnworkplace
bnstressbnthatbnhasbnnotbnbeenbnsuccessfullybnmanaged
-
Antecedents:bnJobbndemandsbn(vs.bnresourcesbnorbnpersonalbncharacteristics)bnarebnthebnmostbnimport
antbnantecedentsbnofbnburnout.bnandbnALSObnWORKbnengagement!
Workbnengagement:bnenergy/vigor,bninvolvement/dedication,bnabsorption
Antecedents:bnJobbnresourcesbn(vs.bndemands)bnarebnthebnmostbnimportantbnantecedentsbnofbnworkbne
ngagement.
Whatbnarebnsomebnofbnthebnmainbntypesbnofbnjobbndemands?bn
(Jobbnaspectsbnthatbnrequirebnphysical,bnemotionalbnorbncognitivebneffort)bn-bnanswers--
Rolebnambiguity:bnUnclearbnworkbnresponsibilitiesbn
Rolebnconflict:bnConflictingbndemandsbnatbnworkbn
Thebndifferencebnbetweenbnabnstressbnresponsebnandbnstressorbnexposurebn-bnanswers--
Stressbnresponsesbnarebnthebnpsychologicalbnandbnbiologicalbnresponsesbntobnstress
Stressbnexposuresbnarebnthebn"events"bnthemselvesbnwhichbncanbnrangebnfrombnmajorbncrisesbntobndail
ybnhasslesbnandbnambientbnstressors
Thesebnexposuresbndobnnotbnnecessarilybncausebnabnstressbnresponse
Thebndifferentbntypesbnofbnstressorbnexposuresbn(crises,bnmajorbnlifebnevents,bnetc.)—bebnablebnto
providebnanbnexamplebnofbneachbn-bnanswers--1.bnCrises:bnunforeseen,bnunpredictable
ex:bnNaturalbndisaster,bncarbnaccidents
2.bnMajorbnlifebnevents:bninfrequentbnevents,bnoftenbninvolvingbnlifebntransitions
ex:bnhavingbnabnbaby,bnmoving
3.bnDailybnhassles:bnFrequentbnminorbnnuisances
ex:bnabnsinkbnfullbnofbndishes,bnschoolwork,bnthingsbnthatbncanbnpilebnup
4.Ambientbnstressors:bnchronic,bnnegative,bnnon-urgent,bnphysicallybnperceptible,bnunchangeable
ex:bnrushbnhour,bnloudbnrestaurant
ThebnmainbnresultsbnfrombnthebnNCHAbnandbnotherbnstudiesbn(e.g.,bnthebnpercentagebnofbnstudents
reportingbnmorebnthanbnaveragebnstress,bnthebnmostbnfrequentlybnreportedbnstressors,bnthebnnumberbn
ofbnstressorsbnmostbnstudentsbnreport,bnwhatbnstudentsbnsaybnmostbnaffectsbntheirbnacademicbnperfor
,mance);bnseebnalsobnsummarybnslidebn-bnanswers--
MainbnresultsbnfrombnNCHA:bnMajoritybnofbnstudentsbn(45%)bnreportbnmorebnthanbnaveragebnorbntrem
endousbnstressbninbnpastbn12bnmonths
Mostbnfrequentlybnreportedbnstressorsbn(NCHA):bnAcademics,bnintimatebnrelationships,bnfinances,bnpers
onalbnappearance,bnsleepbndifficulties
Stressbnaffectedbntheirbnacademicbnperformancebnmorebnthanbnanybnotherbnfactor
52.3%bnofbncollegebnstudentsbnreportedbn3bnorbnmorebnstressors.bn
bnDuebntobnquestion-wording,bnthebnNCHAbnsurveybnyieldsbnhigherbnestimatesbnofbnstressorbnexposure.
Studentsbnsaybnstressbnaffectsbntheirbnacademicbnperformancebnmorebnthanbnanybnotherbnfactorbn(NCH
AbnandbnSHS)
•bnInbngeneral,bnstudentsbnreportbnmorebncopingbnefficacybnthanbnstressbn(SHSbnsurvey)
Agebngroupsbn-bnanswers--Olderbnadultsbn(agesbn73bnandbnolder)
bnB.bnBabybnboomersbn(agesbn54-72)
C.bnGenbnXersbn(agesbn40-53)
D.bnMillennialsbn(agesbn22-39)
E.bnGenbnZsbn(15-21)
ThebnmainbnfindingsbnfrombnthebnAPAbnStressbninbnAmericabnSurvey,bnincluding:
,obnAveragebnstressbnratingsbnvs.bnhealthybnlevelsbnofbnstress
obnThebnmainbnsourcesbnofbnstress
obnGroupbndifferencesbninbnstressbnlevelsbn(e.g.,bnage,bngender,bnrace)bn
obnMethodologicalbnissuesbn(seebnlastbnslide)bn-bnanswers--
USbnadultsbnratebntheirbnstressbnhigherbnthanbn"healthy"bnlevelbnofbnstress
2014bnMeanbnHEALTHYbnstressbnlevel:bn3.7
2014bnMeanbnstressbnlevel:bn4.9bn(averagebnforbnallbnadults)
Moneybn(64%bninbn2014)bnandbnworkbn(60%bninbn2014)bnarebnhistoricallybnthebnbiggestbnsourcesbnofbns
tress
Millennialsbn(agebn18-
38)bnreportbnthebnmostbnstressbn(nextbnisbnGetbnZ,bnGenbnX,bnboomersbnandbnolderbnadultsbnlast)
Womenbn(5.2bninbn2014)bnreportbnmorebnstressbnthanbnmenbn(4.5bninbn2014)
Hispanicbn(5.1)bnadultsbncurrentlybnreportbnmostbnstressbnthanbnanybnotherbnracebn(thenbnblack(4.9),bnl
astbnisbnwhite(4.7))
LGBTbnadultsbnreportbnhigherbnstressbnlevelsbnthanbntheirbnnon-LGBTbnpeers.
Methodologicalbnissues:bn
•bnSamplebnnotbnrepresentative
•bnAbn"healthy"bnlevelbnofbnstressbnisbnnotbndefinedbn
•bnNobninformationbnonbnstatisticalbnsignificancebn
•bnReportingbncanbnbebninconsistentbnoverbnthebnyearsbn
, •bnSourcesbnofbnstressbnassessedbnarebnlimited
•bnDon'tbnreallybnexplainbndecreasesbnoverbntime
HowbntobndescribebnthebnJobbnDemand-Resourcesbnmodelbn(includingbnthebndefinitionsbnofbnburnout
andbnworkbnengagement)bn-bnanswers--
verybninfluentialbnmodelbninbntermsbnofbnbothbnresearchbnandbnpractice
Workersbnwhobnhavebnmorebnjobbndemandsbnreportbnmorebnburnout.bn
Workersbnwithbnmorebnjobbnresourcesbnarebnlessbnburnedbnoutbnbutbnthebnrelationshipbnisbnnotbnasbnst
rongbnasbnthebnrelationshipbnbetweenbnjobbndemandsbnandbnburnouts.bn
Jobbndemandsbnandbnresourcesbninteractbnwithbneachbnother.bnWorstbncombobnisbnhighbndemandsbnan
dbnlowbnresources
Burnout:bnexhaustion,bncynicism,bnfeelingsbnofbnreducedbnefficacy.bnResultsbnfrombnchronicbnworkplace
bnstressbnthatbnhasbnnotbnbeenbnsuccessfullybnmanaged
-
Antecedents:bnJobbndemandsbn(vs.bnresourcesbnorbnpersonalbncharacteristics)bnarebnthebnmostbnimport
antbnantecedentsbnofbnburnout.bnandbnALSObnWORKbnengagement!
Workbnengagement:bnenergy/vigor,bninvolvement/dedication,bnabsorption
Antecedents:bnJobbnresourcesbn(vs.bndemands)bnarebnthebnmostbnimportantbnantecedentsbnofbnworkbne
ngagement.
Whatbnarebnsomebnofbnthebnmainbntypesbnofbnjobbndemands?bn
(Jobbnaspectsbnthatbnrequirebnphysical,bnemotionalbnorbncognitivebneffort)bn-bnanswers--
Rolebnambiguity:bnUnclearbnworkbnresponsibilitiesbn
Rolebnconflict:bnConflictingbndemandsbnatbnworkbn
