ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy Certificate exam
questions and correct answers (all
graded A+)
Lesson |1: |Foundations |to |Set |the |Stage |- |ANS
Focusing |on |Cellular |Structure |and |Function |- |ANS
The |Normal |Cell |Cycle |- |ANS-The |cell |cycle |refers |to |the |ordered |seres |of |processes |of |DNA |
replication |and |mitosis, |or |cell |division
-Cell |nucleus |regulates |these |processes |by |gathering |and |processing |complexes |molecular |
information
Interphase |and |Mitotic |Phase |- |ANSCell |division |produces |two |identical |cells |through |these |
two |major |phases
During |interphase: |- |ANSCell |grows |and |DNA |is |replicated |through |the |following |three |steps:
1: |First |growth |phase |(G1 |or |first |gap)
2: |Synthesis |phase |(S |phase)
,3:Mitotic |Phse |(M |phase)
First |Growth |Phase |(G1 |or |first |gap) |- |ANS-cells |increase |in |size
-reproduce |RNA
-"quality |assurance" |test |that |the |cell |will |be |ready |to |synthesis |DNA
-Length |of |time |is |variable, |can |be |from |hours |to |days
Synthesis |Phase |(S |phase) |- |ANS-DNA |replicates
-Results |in |the |formation |of |identical |pairs |of |DNA |(chromatids)
-which |are |attached |a |t |the |centromere
-lasts |2-10 |hours
Mitotic |Phase |(M |phase) |- |ANS-Replicated |chromosomes |are |aligned, |separated, |and |move |
into |2 |new, |identical |daughter |cells
-takes |about |30-60 |minutes
Major |points |of |cell |regulation |are |entry |and |exit |from |- |ANS-G1 |checkpoint
-S |Phase
,-G2 |checkpoint
-M |phase
Restriction |Point |- |ANS-The |transition |from |the |resting |phase |into |an |actively |dividing |phase |
(G0-G1) |is |a |point |where |cellular |transformation |can |occur |
-During |this |time, |cells |pass |through |a |transition |phase |known |as |a |restriction |point
-Extracellular |growth |factors |trigger |reentry |into |G1, |and |GF |are |required |to |send |the |cells |
past |the |restriction |point, |or |the |point |of |no |return
G0 |Phase |(resting |phase) |- |ANS-After |mitosis, |cells |may |enter |back |into |the |G1 |phase |or |go |
into |a |resting |phase, |known |as |G0
-Most |cells |in |the |human |body |reside |in |G0
-Exceptions |to |this |are |those |that |are |(Resting |in |G0 |phase) |- |ANS-Exceptions |to |this |are |those |
that |are |metabollically |active, |such |as |
-granulocytes |
-and |the |epithelium |of |the |GI |tract
Cell |Cycling |Time |- |ANSAmount |of |time |from |mitosis |to |mitosis
, Cell |cycle |video |and |image |-
|ANShttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check |points |in |the |Cell |Cycle: |Keeping |it |All |Under |Control |- |ANS-The |cell |cycle |is |carefully |
controlled |through |a |series |of |checkpoints
-Variation |in |duplication |or |distribution |of |chromosomes |during |cell |division |can |alter |the |
genetic |information |passed |on |to |daughter |cells, |leading |to |cellular |dysfunction |and |disease, |
such |as |cancer
-These |checkpoints |monitor |for |DNA |integrity |and |control |progression |through |mitosis
Progression |through |the |cell |cycle |is |controlled |through |two |proteins: |- |ANS1. |cyclines |(D, |E, |A,
|B)
2. |Cyclin-dependent |kinases |(CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK |complex |allows |the |cell |to |progress |through |each |phase |of |the |cell |cycle
Locations |of |proteins |Cyclins |(D, |E, |A, |B) |and |CDKs |- |ANS-(G0-G1) |: |Cyclin |D |and |CDK |4/6
-Early |S: |Cyclin |E |and |CDK |1/2
-Late |S: |Cyclin |A |and |CDK |1/2
-G2: |CDK |1/2 |and |cyclin |A
Immunotherapy Certificate exam
questions and correct answers (all
graded A+)
Lesson |1: |Foundations |to |Set |the |Stage |- |ANS
Focusing |on |Cellular |Structure |and |Function |- |ANS
The |Normal |Cell |Cycle |- |ANS-The |cell |cycle |refers |to |the |ordered |seres |of |processes |of |DNA |
replication |and |mitosis, |or |cell |division
-Cell |nucleus |regulates |these |processes |by |gathering |and |processing |complexes |molecular |
information
Interphase |and |Mitotic |Phase |- |ANSCell |division |produces |two |identical |cells |through |these |
two |major |phases
During |interphase: |- |ANSCell |grows |and |DNA |is |replicated |through |the |following |three |steps:
1: |First |growth |phase |(G1 |or |first |gap)
2: |Synthesis |phase |(S |phase)
,3:Mitotic |Phse |(M |phase)
First |Growth |Phase |(G1 |or |first |gap) |- |ANS-cells |increase |in |size
-reproduce |RNA
-"quality |assurance" |test |that |the |cell |will |be |ready |to |synthesis |DNA
-Length |of |time |is |variable, |can |be |from |hours |to |days
Synthesis |Phase |(S |phase) |- |ANS-DNA |replicates
-Results |in |the |formation |of |identical |pairs |of |DNA |(chromatids)
-which |are |attached |a |t |the |centromere
-lasts |2-10 |hours
Mitotic |Phase |(M |phase) |- |ANS-Replicated |chromosomes |are |aligned, |separated, |and |move |
into |2 |new, |identical |daughter |cells
-takes |about |30-60 |minutes
Major |points |of |cell |regulation |are |entry |and |exit |from |- |ANS-G1 |checkpoint
-S |Phase
,-G2 |checkpoint
-M |phase
Restriction |Point |- |ANS-The |transition |from |the |resting |phase |into |an |actively |dividing |phase |
(G0-G1) |is |a |point |where |cellular |transformation |can |occur |
-During |this |time, |cells |pass |through |a |transition |phase |known |as |a |restriction |point
-Extracellular |growth |factors |trigger |reentry |into |G1, |and |GF |are |required |to |send |the |cells |
past |the |restriction |point, |or |the |point |of |no |return
G0 |Phase |(resting |phase) |- |ANS-After |mitosis, |cells |may |enter |back |into |the |G1 |phase |or |go |
into |a |resting |phase, |known |as |G0
-Most |cells |in |the |human |body |reside |in |G0
-Exceptions |to |this |are |those |that |are |(Resting |in |G0 |phase) |- |ANS-Exceptions |to |this |are |those |
that |are |metabollically |active, |such |as |
-granulocytes |
-and |the |epithelium |of |the |GI |tract
Cell |Cycling |Time |- |ANSAmount |of |time |from |mitosis |to |mitosis
, Cell |cycle |video |and |image |-
|ANShttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check |points |in |the |Cell |Cycle: |Keeping |it |All |Under |Control |- |ANS-The |cell |cycle |is |carefully |
controlled |through |a |series |of |checkpoints
-Variation |in |duplication |or |distribution |of |chromosomes |during |cell |division |can |alter |the |
genetic |information |passed |on |to |daughter |cells, |leading |to |cellular |dysfunction |and |disease, |
such |as |cancer
-These |checkpoints |monitor |for |DNA |integrity |and |control |progression |through |mitosis
Progression |through |the |cell |cycle |is |controlled |through |two |proteins: |- |ANS1. |cyclines |(D, |E, |A,
|B)
2. |Cyclin-dependent |kinases |(CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK |complex |allows |the |cell |to |progress |through |each |phase |of |the |cell |cycle
Locations |of |proteins |Cyclins |(D, |E, |A, |B) |and |CDKs |- |ANS-(G0-G1) |: |Cyclin |D |and |CDK |4/6
-Early |S: |Cyclin |E |and |CDK |1/2
-Late |S: |Cyclin |A |and |CDK |1/2
-G2: |CDK |1/2 |and |cyclin |A
