AACN PCCN Review: Renal Questions and Answers 2025

AACN PCCN Review: Renal Questions
and Answers 2025
FunctionsAofAtheAkidneysA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
a.AExcretionAofAMetabolicAWastes
b.AUrineAFormation
c.AAcid-BaseABalanceARegulation
d.AElectrolyteARegulation
e.AFluidARegulation
f.ABloodAPressureARegulation
g.AErythropoietinASecretion/AnemiaARegulation
HowAareAtheAkidneysArelatedAtoAanemiaA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ErythropoietinASecretion/AnemiaARegulation

LowA02A-->AkidneysAstimulateAhormoneAproductionAofAErythropoietinA

ErythropoietinAgoAtoAboneAmarrowA-->AstimulateAStemACellsAtoAturnAintoAredAbloodAcellsA--
>AincreaseA02AcarryingAcapacity

ThisAisAwhyACOPDApatientsAhaveAhigherAH&HA

WHYArenalAfailureApatientsAareAanemic

Epoetin,AProcrit,--
>AsyntheticAformsAofAtheAhormoneAtoAhelpAstimulateAboneAmarrowAtoAbecomeAstemAcellsAa
ndAproduceARedAbloodAcells
BloodAworkAtoAassessArenalAfunctionA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-BloodAUreaANitrogen
ACreatinine

ASerumAElectrolytes

AHgbA&AHct

ASerumAAlbumin

ASerumAOsmolality

RenalAfunctionAtestsA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-b.AUrineAAssessment
AVolumeA&AConcentration

AUrinalysis

ARenalAClearanceAStudies

c.ADiagnosticATestsA
AKUBAX-ray

ARenalAArteriography

AIVP

ACT

AUltrasound

ABiopsy

, AcuteAversusAChronicARenalAFailureA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
a.AAcuteArenalAfailureAaffectsAmanyAbodyAsystems.
b.AChronicArenalAfailureAaffectsAEVERYAbodyAsystem

NewAnames:AAcuteAKidneyADiseaseAandAChronicAKidneyADiseaseA(replacingAfailureAforAdi
sease)
ChronicAKidneyADiseaseA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ChronicARenalAFailureA(CRF)AisAaApermanent,AirreversibleAconditionAinAwhichAtheAkidneysA
cease
toAremoveAmetabolicAwastesAandAexcessiveAwaterAfromAtheAblood.A(ESRF,AESRD,ACRD,A
CKD)
AzotemiaA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-NitrogenousAWasteAProductsAinAtheABloodstream
UremicASyndromeA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
SystemicAandALaboratoryAManifestationsAofAESRD
StagesAofARenalAFailureA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-1.ADiminishedARenalAReserve
2.ARenalAInsufficiency
3.AEndAStageARenalADiseaseA(ESRD)A-AAffectsAeveryAsystemAinAtheAbody
RenalAFailureAMedcationsA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-hypertensiveAdrugs
phosphateAbinderA-->ARFAhasAhighAphosphateAlevels
CalciumAsupplementA-->AwhenAphosphateAgoesAup,AcalciumAgoesAdown
Bicarbonate

allAdrugsAjustAtreatAsymptoms
AcuteAKidneyADiseaseA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
AAsuddenAdeteriorationAinArenalAfunctionAusuallyAassociatedAwithAtheAlossAofAtheAkidney'sA
abilityAtoAconcentratedAurine,AasAwellAasAtheAretentionAandAaccumulationAofAnitrogenAwast
es.
AcuteAKidneyADiseaseApathophysiologyA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
DecreasedAGlomerularAFiltrationARateA-->AInterstitialAInflammatoryAChangesA--
>ATubularALumenAObstructionA-->AOliguricA<A400AmL/day

SomeApatientsAcanAbeAnon-Oliguric,ALargeAAmtAofADiluteAUrine
CausesAofAAcuteAKidneyADiseaseA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-severeAhypertension
severeAhypotension
heartAfailure
nephrotoxicAagents
contrastAinduced
complicationsAofAinfection

PerfusionAissues
PreARenalADiseaseA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-PRERENAL:APERFUSIONAISSUE

Dehydration
Ischemia
HypoperfusionA(bleeding)