WGU
WGU D236 Pathophysiology
Homeostasis - Correct Ans-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable
internal environment
Intracellular Fluid - Correct Ans-fluid inside of the cell, 2/3 of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
Extracellular Fluid - Correct Ans-fluid outside of the cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Diffusion - Correct Ans-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - Correct Ans-movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to
a higher concentration
Filtration - Correct Ans-water and solute movement occurs from an area of high
hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
Osmolality - Correct Ans-the number of osmotically active particles per kg of water
Hypertonic - Correct Ans-osmolality greater than 300.
Hypotonic - Correct Ans-osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
An isotonic solution - Correct Ans-0.09% normal saline
Interferons (IFNs) - Correct Ans-type of cytokine that signals cells to increase anti-viral
defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing other cells to become
resistant to the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Hypervolemia - Correct Ans-fluid volume overload
Edema - Correct Ans-swelling of soft tissues because of excess fluid accumulation
Causes of edema include: - Correct Ans--Increased hydrostatic (water) pressure
WGU
,WGU
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
Symptoms of edema include: - Correct Ans-- weight gain
- hypertension
- jugular vein distention
- ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
- weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
- shallow RR
- fluid in lungs
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
Hypovolemia - Correct Ans-fluid volume deficit
Symptoms of hypovolemia include: - Correct Ans-- vomiting
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever
- heat stroke
- thyroid crisis
- urination
diabetes insipidus (DI) - Correct Ans-insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(vasopressin)
Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Correct Ans--primary complication of type 1 diabetes
-the body produces excess ketones into the blood
-also referred to as diabetic acidosis or diabetic coma
Diuretics - Correct Ans-medications that reduce fluid volume in the body
- increase urine output
Name two diuretics - Correct Ans-furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide
Symptoms of 3 D's include: - Correct Ans-- weight loss
- water loss
- low BP
- decreased CVP (central venous pressure)
WGU
, WGU
- lethargy to coma
- weakness
- sunken eyes
- dry skin
- rapid and deep RR
- high lab values
Fluid Imbalance - Correct Ans-when fluids are gained and lost via the organs such as;
the kidneys, skin, lungs, and g.i. tract
How are fluids lost in the g.i. tract? - Correct Ans-diarrhea and fistulas
How are fluids lost via the kidneys? - Correct Ans-high urine output of 1-2 liters per hour
Normal amount of urine output - Correct Ans-400-600 mL / 6 hours
How are fluids lost via the skin? - Correct Ans-in diaphoresis (excessive sweating),
sodium, chloride, and potassium loss increase during fever
How are fluids lost via the lungs? - Correct Ans-when increased RR or dry climate
occurs
Fluid Imbalance risk factors in elderly: - Correct Ans--fluid overload can lead to heart
failure and renal failure
-dehydration
factors that influence fluid balance: - Correct Ans-muscle, body fat, gender
Hypocalcemia - Correct Ans-deficient calcium in the blood
Define mmanifestations - Correct Ans-signs and symptoms
Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - Correct Ans-trousseau's sign, and Chvostek Sign
Trousseau's sign - Correct Ans-A sign of hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm caused by
inflating a blood pressure cuff above the client's systolic pressure and leaving it in place
for 3 minutes.
Chvostek's sign - Correct Ans-Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - Correct Ans-Hormonal system
regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Describe the RAAS System - Correct Ans-1. BP drops
2. Kidneys release Renin
3. Renin splits angiotensin into angiotensin 1
WGU
WGU D236 Pathophysiology
Homeostasis - Correct Ans-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable
internal environment
Intracellular Fluid - Correct Ans-fluid inside of the cell, 2/3 of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
Extracellular Fluid - Correct Ans-fluid outside of the cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Diffusion - Correct Ans-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - Correct Ans-movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to
a higher concentration
Filtration - Correct Ans-water and solute movement occurs from an area of high
hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
Osmolality - Correct Ans-the number of osmotically active particles per kg of water
Hypertonic - Correct Ans-osmolality greater than 300.
Hypotonic - Correct Ans-osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
An isotonic solution - Correct Ans-0.09% normal saline
Interferons (IFNs) - Correct Ans-type of cytokine that signals cells to increase anti-viral
defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing other cells to become
resistant to the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Hypervolemia - Correct Ans-fluid volume overload
Edema - Correct Ans-swelling of soft tissues because of excess fluid accumulation
Causes of edema include: - Correct Ans--Increased hydrostatic (water) pressure
WGU
,WGU
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
Symptoms of edema include: - Correct Ans-- weight gain
- hypertension
- jugular vein distention
- ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
- weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
- shallow RR
- fluid in lungs
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
Hypovolemia - Correct Ans-fluid volume deficit
Symptoms of hypovolemia include: - Correct Ans-- vomiting
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever
- heat stroke
- thyroid crisis
- urination
diabetes insipidus (DI) - Correct Ans-insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(vasopressin)
Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Correct Ans--primary complication of type 1 diabetes
-the body produces excess ketones into the blood
-also referred to as diabetic acidosis or diabetic coma
Diuretics - Correct Ans-medications that reduce fluid volume in the body
- increase urine output
Name two diuretics - Correct Ans-furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide
Symptoms of 3 D's include: - Correct Ans-- weight loss
- water loss
- low BP
- decreased CVP (central venous pressure)
WGU
, WGU
- lethargy to coma
- weakness
- sunken eyes
- dry skin
- rapid and deep RR
- high lab values
Fluid Imbalance - Correct Ans-when fluids are gained and lost via the organs such as;
the kidneys, skin, lungs, and g.i. tract
How are fluids lost in the g.i. tract? - Correct Ans-diarrhea and fistulas
How are fluids lost via the kidneys? - Correct Ans-high urine output of 1-2 liters per hour
Normal amount of urine output - Correct Ans-400-600 mL / 6 hours
How are fluids lost via the skin? - Correct Ans-in diaphoresis (excessive sweating),
sodium, chloride, and potassium loss increase during fever
How are fluids lost via the lungs? - Correct Ans-when increased RR or dry climate
occurs
Fluid Imbalance risk factors in elderly: - Correct Ans--fluid overload can lead to heart
failure and renal failure
-dehydration
factors that influence fluid balance: - Correct Ans-muscle, body fat, gender
Hypocalcemia - Correct Ans-deficient calcium in the blood
Define mmanifestations - Correct Ans-signs and symptoms
Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - Correct Ans-trousseau's sign, and Chvostek Sign
Trousseau's sign - Correct Ans-A sign of hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm caused by
inflating a blood pressure cuff above the client's systolic pressure and leaving it in place
for 3 minutes.
Chvostek's sign - Correct Ans-Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - Correct Ans-Hormonal system
regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Describe the RAAS System - Correct Ans-1. BP drops
2. Kidneys release Renin
3. Renin splits angiotensin into angiotensin 1
WGU
