Test Bank for Huether and McCance's Understanding
Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition,
2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean,
Chapter 1 - 42
,Table of Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
9. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
10. Biology of Cancer
11. Cancer Epidemiology
12. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
13. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
14. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
15. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function
16. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
17. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
18. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
19. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
20. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
21. Alterations in Hematologic Function
22. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
23. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
25. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
26. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
28. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
29. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
30. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
31. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
,Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
32. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
33. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
34. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
35. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
36. Alterations of Digestive Function
37. Alterations in Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
38. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
39. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
40. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
41. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
42. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
a. A single circular chromosome
b. A nucleus
c. Free-floating nuclear material
d. No organelles
ANS: B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a
prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
REF: p. 2
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
a. Metabolic absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D NURSINGTB.COM
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability
involves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and
secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
REF: p. 2
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of
the genetic information be contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm
ANS: C
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic
acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within
the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are
involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the
cell.
REF: p. 2
NURSINGTB.COM
,4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the
layer itself?
a. Peripheral membrane proteins
b. Integral membrane proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules
ANS: B
Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral
membrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the
surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein
marks cells and does not float.
REF: p. 7
5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Ligands
ANS: D
Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
REF: p. 9
6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the
extracellular matrix would s uNp p oRr t t hIe dG
iagnBo.
siC
s ofM
metastatic cancer?
a. Decreased fibronectin U S N T
b. Increased collagen
c. Decreased elastin
d. Increased glycoproteins
ANS: A
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing
them to travel or metastasize.
REF: p. 10
7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
a. Cell junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight junction
ANS: A
Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell.
Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight
junctions are associated with cellular communication.
REF: p. 11
NURSINGTB.COM
, 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring
alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of
glucagon. None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical
mediator like insulin.
REF: p. 12
9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of
the reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and
any of the remaining options.
REF: p. 16
NURSINGTB.COM
10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that
the problem is result of a deficiency of:
a. GTP
b. AMP
c. ATP
d. GMP
ANS: C
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are
involved in muscle contraction.
REF: p. 16
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP is
generated during the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP.
NURSINGTB.COM
, REF: p. 16
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the
nurse include?
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
ANS: A
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular
catabolism.
REF: p. 16
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will
facilitate his continued muscle performance?
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part
of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative
phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance.
NURSINGTB.COM
REF: p. 16
14. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute
from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student
understood the teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
ANS: B
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to
an area of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water
concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against
a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient.
REF: p. 19
15. Which description accurately describes electrolytes?
a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
b. Large protein molecules
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
NURSINGTB.COM
, d. Electrically tcharged tmolecules
ANS: t D
Electrolytes tare telectrically tcharged tmolecules. tThey tare tnot tlipid tsoluble, tthey tare tnot tmade
tup tof tprotein, tand tthey tdo tnot tplay ta trole tin tATP tproduction.
REF: t p. t18
16. A tnurse tis treading ta tchart tand tsees tthe tterm toncotic tpressure. tThe tnurse trecalls tthat
toncotic tpressure t(colloid tosmotic tpressure) tis tdetermined tby:
a. the tconcentration tof tsodium.
b. plasma tproteins.
c. hydrostatic tpressure.
d. the tavailability tof tmembrane ttransporter tproteins.
ANS: t B
Oncotic tpressure tis tdetermined tby tthe teffect tof tcolloids tor tplasma tproteins. tThe
tconcentration tof tsodium tplays ta trole tin ttonicity. tHydrostatic tpressure tis tthe tforce twithin ta
tvessel. tMembrane ttransporter tproteins tare tinvolved tin tactive ttransport twithin ta
tconcentration tgradient.
REF: t p. t20
17. A tpatient thas ta tbody tfluid tof t300 tmOsm/kg. tThis tlab tresult tis tmeasuring:
a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmotic tpressure.
d. oncotic tpressure.
ANS: t A NURSINGTB.COM
Osmolality tmeasures tthe tnumber tof tmilliosmoles tper tkilogram tof twater, tor tthe tconcentration
of tmolecules tper tweight tof twater, twhile tosmolarity tmeasures tthe tnumber tof tmilliosmoles tper
tliter tof tsolution, tor tthe tconcentration tof tmolecules tper tvolume tof tsolution. tOsmotic tpressure tis
tthe tamount tof thydrostatic tpressure trequired tto toppose tthe tosmotic tmovement tof twater.
Oncotic tpressure tis tfrom tplasma tproteins, tnot tbody tfluids.
REF: t p. t19
18. A tnurse tis tdiscussing tthe tmovement tof tfluid tacross tthe tarterial tend tof tcapillary
tmembranes tinto tthe tinterstitial tfluid tsurrounding tthe tcapillary. tWhich tprocess tof tfluid
tmovement tis tthe tnurse tdescribing?
a. Hydrostatic tpressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active ttransport
ANS: t A
Blood treaching tthe tcapillary tbed thas ta thydrostatic tpressure tof t25–30 tmm tHg, twhich tis
tsufficient tforce tto tpush twater tacross tthe tthin tcapillary tmembranes tinto tthe tinterstitial
tspace. tOsmosis tinvolves tthe tmovement tof tfluid tfrom tan tarea tof thigher tconcentration tto tan
tarea tof tlower tconcentration. tIt tdoes tnot tinvolve tpressure tor tforce. tDiffusion tis tthe tpassive
tmovement tof ta tsolute tfrom tan tarea tof thigher tsolute tconcentration tto tan tarea tof tlower
tsolute tconcentration. tActive ttransport tinvolves tmovement tup ta tconcentration tgradient.
NURSINGTB.COM
, REF: t p. t19
19. How tare tpotassium tand tsodium ttransported tacross tplasma tmembranes?
a. By tpassive telectrolyte tchannels
b. By tcoupled tchannels
c. By tadenosine ttriphosphate tenzyme t(ATPase)
d. By tdiffusion
ANS: t C
The ttransporter tprotein tATPase tis tdirectly trelated tto tsodium tand tpotassium ttransport tvia
tactive ttransport. tElectrolyte tmovements trequire tenergy tand tdo tnot tmove tpassively, tnor tare
tthey ttransported tby tdiffusion. tEnzymes, tnot telectrolytes, tare tpassed tvia tcoupled tchannels.
REF: t p. t21
20. The tion ttransporter tthat tmoves tNa+ tand tCa2+ tsimultaneously tin tthe tsame tdirection tis
tan texample tof twhich tof tthe tfollowing ttypes tof ttransport?
a. Biport
b. Uniport
c. Antiport
d. Symport
ANS: t D
When tions tare ttransported tin tone tdirection, tit tis ttermed tsymport. tThere tis tno tsuch tterm tas
tbiport. tUniport trefers tto tthe tmovement tof ta tsingle tmolecule. tAntiport trefers tto tthe tmovement
tof tmolecules tin tthe topposite tdirection.
NURSINGTB.COM
REF: t p. t19, tFigure t1-22
21. During twhich tprocess tare tbacteria tengulfed tfor tingestion?
a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis
ANS: t C
Phagocytosis t(cell teating) tinvolves tthe tingestion tof tlarge tparticles, tsuch tas tbacteria, tthrough
tthe tformation tof tlarge tvesicles. tEndocytosis tinvolves tthe tformation tof tvesicles tto tfacilitate
tmovement tinto tthe tcell. tPinocytosis tis ta ttype tof tendocytosis tin twhich tfluids tand tsolute
tmolecules tare tingested tthrough tthe tformation tof tsmall tvesicles. tExocytosis toccurs twhen
tcoated tpits tinvaginate tand tinternalize tligand-receptor tcomplexes tin tcoated tvesicles.
REF: t p. t22
22. Some tcancer tdrugs twork tduring tthe tcell tcycle tphase twhere tnuclear tand tcytoplasmic
tdivisions toccur. tWhat tis tthis tcell tcycle tphase tcalled?
a. G1
b. S
c. M
d. G2
NURSINGTB.COM
, ANS: t C
The tM tphase tincludes tboth tnuclear tand tcytoplasmic tdivisions. tThe tG1 tphase tincludes tthe
tperiod tbetween tthe tM tphase tand tthe tstart tof tDNA tsynthesis. tThe tS tphase tincludes tsynthesis
tof tDNA tin tthe tcell tnucleus. tThe tG2 t phase tincludes tRNA tand tprotein tsynthesis.
REF: t pp. t25-26
23. Which tcauses tthe trapid tchange tin tthe tresting tmembrane tpotential tthat tinitiates tan
taction tpotential?
a. Potassium tgates topen, tand tpotassium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tchanging tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tnegative tto tpositive.
b. Sodium tgates topen, tand tsodium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tchanging tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tnegative tto tpositive.
c. Sodium tgates tclose, tallowing tpotassium tinto tthe tcell tto tchange tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tpositive tto tnegative.
d. Potassium tgates tclose, tallowing tsodium tinto tthe tcell tto tchange tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tpositive tto tnegative.
ANS: t B
When tthe tthreshold tis treached, tthe tcell twill tcontinue tto tdepolarize twith tno tfurther
tstimulation. tThe tsodium tgates topen, tand tsodium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tcausing tthe tmembrane
tpotential tto treduce tto tzero tand tthen tbecome tpositive t(depolarization). tSodium tis tinvolved tin
tcreating tthe taction tpotential, tnot tpotassium. tThe tsodium tgate tand tchannel tmust tbe topen, tnot
tclosed. tThe taction tpotential tis tnot taffected tby ta tchange tin tthe tpotassium tgate.
REF: t pp. t24-25
24. A tcell tis tisolated, tand telectroN
phUyR olI
siS ogNyGstT
uB
di.
esCreOvM
eal tthat tthe tresting tmembrane tpotential tis
70 tmV. tThe tpredominant tintracellular tion tis tNa+, tand tthe tpredominant textracellular tion tis
K+. tWith tvoltage tchange, twhich tof tthe tfollowing twould tresult tin tan taction tpotential?
a. K+ trushing tinto tthe tcell
b. Na+ trushing tinto tthe tcell
c. Na+ trushing tout tof tthe tcell
d. K+ trushing tout tof tthe tcell
ANS: t A
With tvoltage tchange, tpotassium trushes tinto, tnot tout tof, tthe tcell. tSodium tmovement tis tnot
trelated tto tthis tprocess.
REF: t pp. t24-25
25. A tnurse tteaching tthe tstaff tabout tplatelet-derived tgrowth tfactor tincludes tinformation
tthat tplatelet-derived tgrowth tfactor t(PDGF) tstimulates tthe tproduction tof:
a. platelets.
b. epidermal tcells.
c. connective ttissue tcells.
d. fibroblast tcells.
ANS: t C
Different ttypes tof tcells trequire tdifferent tgrowth tfactors; tfor texample, tPDGF tstimulates tthe
tproduction tof tconnective ttissue tcells, tbut tnot tplatelets, tepidermal tcells, tor tfibroblast tcells.
NURSINGTB.COM
Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition,
2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean,
Chapter 1 - 42
,Table of Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
9. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
10. Biology of Cancer
11. Cancer Epidemiology
12. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
13. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
14. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
15. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function
16. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
17. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
18. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
19. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
20. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
21. Alterations in Hematologic Function
22. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
23. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
25. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
26. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
28. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
29. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
30. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
31. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
,Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
32. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
33. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
34. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
35. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
36. Alterations of Digestive Function
37. Alterations in Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
38. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
39. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
40. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
41. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
42. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
a. A single circular chromosome
b. A nucleus
c. Free-floating nuclear material
d. No organelles
ANS: B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a
prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
REF: p. 2
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
a. Metabolic absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D NURSINGTB.COM
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability
involves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and
secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
REF: p. 2
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of
the genetic information be contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm
ANS: C
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic
acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within
the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are
involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the
cell.
REF: p. 2
NURSINGTB.COM
,4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the
layer itself?
a. Peripheral membrane proteins
b. Integral membrane proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules
ANS: B
Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral
membrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the
surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein
marks cells and does not float.
REF: p. 7
5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Ligands
ANS: D
Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
REF: p. 9
6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the
extracellular matrix would s uNp p oRr t t hIe dG
iagnBo.
siC
s ofM
metastatic cancer?
a. Decreased fibronectin U S N T
b. Increased collagen
c. Decreased elastin
d. Increased glycoproteins
ANS: A
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing
them to travel or metastasize.
REF: p. 10
7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
a. Cell junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight junction
ANS: A
Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell.
Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight
junctions are associated with cellular communication.
REF: p. 11
NURSINGTB.COM
, 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring
alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of
glucagon. None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical
mediator like insulin.
REF: p. 12
9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of
the reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and
any of the remaining options.
REF: p. 16
NURSINGTB.COM
10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that
the problem is result of a deficiency of:
a. GTP
b. AMP
c. ATP
d. GMP
ANS: C
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are
involved in muscle contraction.
REF: p. 16
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP is
generated during the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP.
NURSINGTB.COM
, REF: p. 16
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the
nurse include?
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
ANS: A
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular
catabolism.
REF: p. 16
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will
facilitate his continued muscle performance?
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part
of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative
phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance.
NURSINGTB.COM
REF: p. 16
14. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute
from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student
understood the teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
ANS: B
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to
an area of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water
concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against
a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient.
REF: p. 19
15. Which description accurately describes electrolytes?
a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
b. Large protein molecules
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
NURSINGTB.COM
, d. Electrically tcharged tmolecules
ANS: t D
Electrolytes tare telectrically tcharged tmolecules. tThey tare tnot tlipid tsoluble, tthey tare tnot tmade
tup tof tprotein, tand tthey tdo tnot tplay ta trole tin tATP tproduction.
REF: t p. t18
16. A tnurse tis treading ta tchart tand tsees tthe tterm toncotic tpressure. tThe tnurse trecalls tthat
toncotic tpressure t(colloid tosmotic tpressure) tis tdetermined tby:
a. the tconcentration tof tsodium.
b. plasma tproteins.
c. hydrostatic tpressure.
d. the tavailability tof tmembrane ttransporter tproteins.
ANS: t B
Oncotic tpressure tis tdetermined tby tthe teffect tof tcolloids tor tplasma tproteins. tThe
tconcentration tof tsodium tplays ta trole tin ttonicity. tHydrostatic tpressure tis tthe tforce twithin ta
tvessel. tMembrane ttransporter tproteins tare tinvolved tin tactive ttransport twithin ta
tconcentration tgradient.
REF: t p. t20
17. A tpatient thas ta tbody tfluid tof t300 tmOsm/kg. tThis tlab tresult tis tmeasuring:
a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmotic tpressure.
d. oncotic tpressure.
ANS: t A NURSINGTB.COM
Osmolality tmeasures tthe tnumber tof tmilliosmoles tper tkilogram tof twater, tor tthe tconcentration
of tmolecules tper tweight tof twater, twhile tosmolarity tmeasures tthe tnumber tof tmilliosmoles tper
tliter tof tsolution, tor tthe tconcentration tof tmolecules tper tvolume tof tsolution. tOsmotic tpressure tis
tthe tamount tof thydrostatic tpressure trequired tto toppose tthe tosmotic tmovement tof twater.
Oncotic tpressure tis tfrom tplasma tproteins, tnot tbody tfluids.
REF: t p. t19
18. A tnurse tis tdiscussing tthe tmovement tof tfluid tacross tthe tarterial tend tof tcapillary
tmembranes tinto tthe tinterstitial tfluid tsurrounding tthe tcapillary. tWhich tprocess tof tfluid
tmovement tis tthe tnurse tdescribing?
a. Hydrostatic tpressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active ttransport
ANS: t A
Blood treaching tthe tcapillary tbed thas ta thydrostatic tpressure tof t25–30 tmm tHg, twhich tis
tsufficient tforce tto tpush twater tacross tthe tthin tcapillary tmembranes tinto tthe tinterstitial
tspace. tOsmosis tinvolves tthe tmovement tof tfluid tfrom tan tarea tof thigher tconcentration tto tan
tarea tof tlower tconcentration. tIt tdoes tnot tinvolve tpressure tor tforce. tDiffusion tis tthe tpassive
tmovement tof ta tsolute tfrom tan tarea tof thigher tsolute tconcentration tto tan tarea tof tlower
tsolute tconcentration. tActive ttransport tinvolves tmovement tup ta tconcentration tgradient.
NURSINGTB.COM
, REF: t p. t19
19. How tare tpotassium tand tsodium ttransported tacross tplasma tmembranes?
a. By tpassive telectrolyte tchannels
b. By tcoupled tchannels
c. By tadenosine ttriphosphate tenzyme t(ATPase)
d. By tdiffusion
ANS: t C
The ttransporter tprotein tATPase tis tdirectly trelated tto tsodium tand tpotassium ttransport tvia
tactive ttransport. tElectrolyte tmovements trequire tenergy tand tdo tnot tmove tpassively, tnor tare
tthey ttransported tby tdiffusion. tEnzymes, tnot telectrolytes, tare tpassed tvia tcoupled tchannels.
REF: t p. t21
20. The tion ttransporter tthat tmoves tNa+ tand tCa2+ tsimultaneously tin tthe tsame tdirection tis
tan texample tof twhich tof tthe tfollowing ttypes tof ttransport?
a. Biport
b. Uniport
c. Antiport
d. Symport
ANS: t D
When tions tare ttransported tin tone tdirection, tit tis ttermed tsymport. tThere tis tno tsuch tterm tas
tbiport. tUniport trefers tto tthe tmovement tof ta tsingle tmolecule. tAntiport trefers tto tthe tmovement
tof tmolecules tin tthe topposite tdirection.
NURSINGTB.COM
REF: t p. t19, tFigure t1-22
21. During twhich tprocess tare tbacteria tengulfed tfor tingestion?
a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis
ANS: t C
Phagocytosis t(cell teating) tinvolves tthe tingestion tof tlarge tparticles, tsuch tas tbacteria, tthrough
tthe tformation tof tlarge tvesicles. tEndocytosis tinvolves tthe tformation tof tvesicles tto tfacilitate
tmovement tinto tthe tcell. tPinocytosis tis ta ttype tof tendocytosis tin twhich tfluids tand tsolute
tmolecules tare tingested tthrough tthe tformation tof tsmall tvesicles. tExocytosis toccurs twhen
tcoated tpits tinvaginate tand tinternalize tligand-receptor tcomplexes tin tcoated tvesicles.
REF: t p. t22
22. Some tcancer tdrugs twork tduring tthe tcell tcycle tphase twhere tnuclear tand tcytoplasmic
tdivisions toccur. tWhat tis tthis tcell tcycle tphase tcalled?
a. G1
b. S
c. M
d. G2
NURSINGTB.COM
, ANS: t C
The tM tphase tincludes tboth tnuclear tand tcytoplasmic tdivisions. tThe tG1 tphase tincludes tthe
tperiod tbetween tthe tM tphase tand tthe tstart tof tDNA tsynthesis. tThe tS tphase tincludes tsynthesis
tof tDNA tin tthe tcell tnucleus. tThe tG2 t phase tincludes tRNA tand tprotein tsynthesis.
REF: t pp. t25-26
23. Which tcauses tthe trapid tchange tin tthe tresting tmembrane tpotential tthat tinitiates tan
taction tpotential?
a. Potassium tgates topen, tand tpotassium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tchanging tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tnegative tto tpositive.
b. Sodium tgates topen, tand tsodium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tchanging tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tnegative tto tpositive.
c. Sodium tgates tclose, tallowing tpotassium tinto tthe tcell tto tchange tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tpositive tto tnegative.
d. Potassium tgates tclose, tallowing tsodium tinto tthe tcell tto tchange tthe
tmembrane tpotential tfrom tpositive tto tnegative.
ANS: t B
When tthe tthreshold tis treached, tthe tcell twill tcontinue tto tdepolarize twith tno tfurther
tstimulation. tThe tsodium tgates topen, tand tsodium trushes tinto tthe tcell, tcausing tthe tmembrane
tpotential tto treduce tto tzero tand tthen tbecome tpositive t(depolarization). tSodium tis tinvolved tin
tcreating tthe taction tpotential, tnot tpotassium. tThe tsodium tgate tand tchannel tmust tbe topen, tnot
tclosed. tThe taction tpotential tis tnot taffected tby ta tchange tin tthe tpotassium tgate.
REF: t pp. t24-25
24. A tcell tis tisolated, tand telectroN
phUyR olI
siS ogNyGstT
uB
di.
esCreOvM
eal tthat tthe tresting tmembrane tpotential tis
70 tmV. tThe tpredominant tintracellular tion tis tNa+, tand tthe tpredominant textracellular tion tis
K+. tWith tvoltage tchange, twhich tof tthe tfollowing twould tresult tin tan taction tpotential?
a. K+ trushing tinto tthe tcell
b. Na+ trushing tinto tthe tcell
c. Na+ trushing tout tof tthe tcell
d. K+ trushing tout tof tthe tcell
ANS: t A
With tvoltage tchange, tpotassium trushes tinto, tnot tout tof, tthe tcell. tSodium tmovement tis tnot
trelated tto tthis tprocess.
REF: t pp. t24-25
25. A tnurse tteaching tthe tstaff tabout tplatelet-derived tgrowth tfactor tincludes tinformation
tthat tplatelet-derived tgrowth tfactor t(PDGF) tstimulates tthe tproduction tof:
a. platelets.
b. epidermal tcells.
c. connective ttissue tcells.
d. fibroblast tcells.
ANS: t C
Different ttypes tof tcells trequire tdifferent tgrowth tfactors; tfor texample, tPDGF tstimulates tthe
tproduction tof tconnective ttissue tcells, tbut tnot tplatelets, tepidermal tcells, tor tfibroblast tcells.
NURSINGTB.COM
