,Table of Content
X X
ChapterX01:XCellularXBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
ChapterX02:XGenesXandXGeneticXDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
ChapterX03:XEpigeneticsXandXDisease ........................................................................................................................ 23
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
ChapterX04:XAlteredXCellularXandXTissueXBiology .................................................................................................... 27
HuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiology,X6thXEdition........................................................................ 39
ChapterX06:XInnateXImmunity:XInflammationXandXWoundXHealingXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
ChapterX07:XAdaptiveXImmunity................................................................................................................................ 60
ChapterX08:XInfectionXandXDefectsXinXMechanismsXofXDefenseXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
ChapterX09:XStressXandXDisease ................................................................................................................................. 76
ChapterX10:XBiology,XClinicalXManifestations,XandXTreatmentXofXCancerXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPat
hophysiology,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 81
ChapterX11:XCancerXEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
ChapterX12:XCancerXinXChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
ChapterX13:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheNeurologicXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 94
ChapterX14:XPain,XTemperature,XSleep,XandXSensoryXFunctionXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolo
gy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 105
ChapterX15:XAlterationsXinXCognitiveXSystems,XCerebralXHemodynamics,XandXMotorXFunction ........................... 116
ChapterX16:XDisordersXofXtheCentralXandXPeripheralXNervousXSystemsXandXtheNeuromuscularXJunction ............. 126
ChapterX17:XAlterationsXofXNeurologicXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 138
ChapterX18:XMechanismsXofXHormonalXRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
ChapterX19:XAlterationsXofXHormonalXRegulation ................................................................................................... 156
ChapterX20:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXHematologicXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysi
ology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 169
ChapterX21:XAlterationsXofXHematologicXFunction .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
ChapterX22:XAlterationsXofXHematologicXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 192
ChapterX23:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXCardiovascularXandXLymphaticXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderst
andingXPathophysiology,X6thXEdition ...................................................................................................................... 200
ChapterX24:XAlterationsXofXCardiovascularXFunction .............................................................................................. 210
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
ChapterX25:XAlterationsXofXCardiovascularXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysi
ology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 229
SXNXTX X O ..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
ChapterX26:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXPulmonaryXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 236
ChapterX27:XAlterationsXofXPulmonaryXFunction ..................................................................................................... 245
, ChapterX28:XAlterationsXofXPulmonaryXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 257
ChapterX29:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXRenalXandXUrologicXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPat
hophysiology,X6thXEdition ....................................................................................................................................... 265
ChapterX30:XAlterationsXofXRenalXandXUrinaryXTractXFunctionXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 273
ChapterX31:XAlterationsXofXRenalXandXUrinaryXTractXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXP
athophysiology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................... 280
ChapterX32:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXReproductiveXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 286
ChapterX33:XAlterationsXofXtheXFemaleXReproductiveXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
ChapterX34:XAlterationsXofXtheXMaleXReproductiveXSystem.................................................................................... 300
ChapterX35:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXDigestiveXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolo
gy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 305
ChapterX36:XAlterationsXofXDigestiveXFunction ....................................................................................................... 312
ChapterX37:XAlterationsXofXDigestiveXFunctionXinXChildren ................................................................................... 325
ChapterX38:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXMusculoskeletalXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathoph
ysiology,X6thXEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 334
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
ChapterX39:XAlterationsXofXMusculoskeletalXFunction ............................................................................................ 342
ChapterX40:XAlterationsXofXMusculoskeletalXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophys
iology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 352
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
ChapterX41:XStructure,XFunction,XandXDisordersXofXtheXIntegumentXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 357
ChapterX42:XAlterationsXofXtheXIntegumentXinXChildren .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
X X X
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
X X X X X X
MULTIPLEXCHOICE
1. AXstudentXisXobservingXaXcellXunderXtheXmicroscope.XItXisXobservedXtoXhaveXsupercoiledXDN
AXwithXhistones.XWhichXofXtheXfollowingXwouldXalsoXbeXobservedXbyXtheXstudent?
a. AXsingleXcircularXchromosome
b. AXnucleus
c. Free-floatingXnuclearXmaterial
d. NoXorganelles
ANS:X B
TheXcellXdescribedXisXaXeukaryoticXcell,XsoXitXhasXhistonesXandXaXsupercoiledXDNAXwithinXitsX
nucleus;Xthus,XtheXnucleusXshouldXbeXobserved.XAXsingleXcircularXchromosomeXcalledXaXproka
ryoteXcontainsXfree-floatingXnuclearXmaterialXbutXhasXnoXorganelles.
REF:Xp.X2
2. AXnurseXisXinstructingXtheXstaffXaboutXcellularXfunctions.XWhichXcellularXfunctionXisXtheXnurs
eXdescribingXwhenXanXisolatedXcellXabsorbsXoxygenXandXusesXitXtoXtransformXnutrientsXtoXener
gy?
a. MetabolicXabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:XD
TheXcell’sXabilityXtoXabsorbXoxygenXisXreferredXtoXasXrespirationXwhileXitsXcommunicationXabilityXin
volvesXmaintenanceXofXaXsteadyXdynamicXstate,XmetabolicXabsorptionXprovidesXnutrition,XandXsecret
ionXallowsXforXtheXsynthesizingXofXnewXsubstances.
REF:Xp.X2
3. AXeukaryoticXcellXisXundergoingXDNAXreplication.XInXwhichXregionXofXtheXcellXwouldXmostX
ofXtheXgeneticXinformationXbeXcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusXCytoplasm
ANS:XC
TheXregionXofXtheXcellXthatXcontainsXgeneticXmaterial,XincludingXaXlargeXamountXofXribonucleic
Xacid,XmostXofXtheXDNA,XandXDNA-
bindingXproteins,XisXtheXnucleolus,XwhichXisXlocatedXwithinXtheXcell’sXnucleus.XMitochondriaXi
sXassociatedXwithXcellularXrespiration,XwhileXribosomesXareXinvolvedXwithXproteinXmanufactur
ing.XCytoplasmXisXaXfluidXfillingXthatXisXaXcomponentXofXtheXcell.
REF:Xp.X2
X X
ChapterX01:XCellularXBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
ChapterX02:XGenesXandXGeneticXDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
ChapterX03:XEpigeneticsXandXDisease ........................................................................................................................ 23
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
ChapterX04:XAlteredXCellularXandXTissueXBiology .................................................................................................... 27
HuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiology,X6thXEdition........................................................................ 39
ChapterX06:XInnateXImmunity:XInflammationXandXWoundXHealingXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
ChapterX07:XAdaptiveXImmunity................................................................................................................................ 60
ChapterX08:XInfectionXandXDefectsXinXMechanismsXofXDefenseXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
ChapterX09:XStressXandXDisease ................................................................................................................................. 76
ChapterX10:XBiology,XClinicalXManifestations,XandXTreatmentXofXCancerXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPat
hophysiology,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 81
ChapterX11:XCancerXEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
ChapterX12:XCancerXinXChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
ChapterX13:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheNeurologicXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 94
ChapterX14:XPain,XTemperature,XSleep,XandXSensoryXFunctionXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolo
gy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 105
ChapterX15:XAlterationsXinXCognitiveXSystems,XCerebralXHemodynamics,XandXMotorXFunction ........................... 116
ChapterX16:XDisordersXofXtheCentralXandXPeripheralXNervousXSystemsXandXtheNeuromuscularXJunction ............. 126
ChapterX17:XAlterationsXofXNeurologicXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 138
ChapterX18:XMechanismsXofXHormonalXRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
ChapterX19:XAlterationsXofXHormonalXRegulation ................................................................................................... 156
ChapterX20:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXHematologicXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysi
ology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 169
ChapterX21:XAlterationsXofXHematologicXFunction .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
ChapterX22:XAlterationsXofXHematologicXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 192
ChapterX23:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXCardiovascularXandXLymphaticXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderst
andingXPathophysiology,X6thXEdition ...................................................................................................................... 200
ChapterX24:XAlterationsXofXCardiovascularXFunction .............................................................................................. 210
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
ChapterX25:XAlterationsXofXCardiovascularXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysi
ology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 229
SXNXTX X O ..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
ChapterX26:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXPulmonaryXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 236
ChapterX27:XAlterationsXofXPulmonaryXFunction ..................................................................................................... 245
, ChapterX28:XAlterationsXofXPulmonaryXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 257
ChapterX29:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXRenalXandXUrologicXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPat
hophysiology,X6thXEdition ....................................................................................................................................... 265
ChapterX30:XAlterationsXofXRenalXandXUrinaryXTractXFunctionXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiol
ogy,X6thXEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 273
ChapterX31:XAlterationsXofXRenalXandXUrinaryXTractXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXP
athophysiology,X6thXEdition .................................................................................................................................... 280
ChapterX32:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXReproductiveXSystemsXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 286
ChapterX33:XAlterationsXofXtheXFemaleXReproductiveXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolog
y,X6thXEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
ChapterX34:XAlterationsXofXtheXMaleXReproductiveXSystem.................................................................................... 300
ChapterX35:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXDigestiveXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophysiolo
gy,X6thXEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 305
ChapterX36:XAlterationsXofXDigestiveXFunction ....................................................................................................... 312
ChapterX37:XAlterationsXofXDigestiveXFunctionXinXChildren ................................................................................... 325
ChapterX38:XStructureXandXFunctionXofXtheXMusculoskeletalXSystemXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathoph
ysiology,X6thXEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 334
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
ChapterX39:XAlterationsXofXMusculoskeletalXFunction ............................................................................................ 342
ChapterX40:XAlterationsXofXMusculoskeletalXFunctionXinXChildrenXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophys
iology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 352
UXSNXT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
ChapterX41:XStructure,XFunction,XandXDisordersXofXtheXIntegumentXHuetherX&XMcCance:XUnderstandingXPathophy
siology,X6thXEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 357
ChapterX42:XAlterationsXofXtheXIntegumentXinXChildren .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
X X X
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
X X X X X X
MULTIPLEXCHOICE
1. AXstudentXisXobservingXaXcellXunderXtheXmicroscope.XItXisXobservedXtoXhaveXsupercoiledXDN
AXwithXhistones.XWhichXofXtheXfollowingXwouldXalsoXbeXobservedXbyXtheXstudent?
a. AXsingleXcircularXchromosome
b. AXnucleus
c. Free-floatingXnuclearXmaterial
d. NoXorganelles
ANS:X B
TheXcellXdescribedXisXaXeukaryoticXcell,XsoXitXhasXhistonesXandXaXsupercoiledXDNAXwithinXitsX
nucleus;Xthus,XtheXnucleusXshouldXbeXobserved.XAXsingleXcircularXchromosomeXcalledXaXproka
ryoteXcontainsXfree-floatingXnuclearXmaterialXbutXhasXnoXorganelles.
REF:Xp.X2
2. AXnurseXisXinstructingXtheXstaffXaboutXcellularXfunctions.XWhichXcellularXfunctionXisXtheXnurs
eXdescribingXwhenXanXisolatedXcellXabsorbsXoxygenXandXusesXitXtoXtransformXnutrientsXtoXener
gy?
a. MetabolicXabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:XD
TheXcell’sXabilityXtoXabsorbXoxygenXisXreferredXtoXasXrespirationXwhileXitsXcommunicationXabilityXin
volvesXmaintenanceXofXaXsteadyXdynamicXstate,XmetabolicXabsorptionXprovidesXnutrition,XandXsecret
ionXallowsXforXtheXsynthesizingXofXnewXsubstances.
REF:Xp.X2
3. AXeukaryoticXcellXisXundergoingXDNAXreplication.XInXwhichXregionXofXtheXcellXwouldXmostX
ofXtheXgeneticXinformationXbeXcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusXCytoplasm
ANS:XC
TheXregionXofXtheXcellXthatXcontainsXgeneticXmaterial,XincludingXaXlargeXamountXofXribonucleic
Xacid,XmostXofXtheXDNA,XandXDNA-
bindingXproteins,XisXtheXnucleolus,XwhichXisXlocatedXwithinXtheXcell’sXnucleus.XMitochondriaXi
sXassociatedXwithXcellularXrespiration,XwhileXribosomesXareXinvolvedXwithXproteinXmanufactur
ing.XCytoplasmXisXaXfluidXfillingXthatXisXaXcomponentXofXtheXcell.
REF:Xp.X2
