MU BIO 140 STUDY GUIDE
monosaccharides - Answers :bad on position of carbonyl group and number of carbons
in backbone
Sucrose - Answers :glucose+fructose
Disaccharides - Answers :maltose (grain,sugar), lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table
sugar)
Amylose and amylopectin - Answers :starch
cellulose - Answers :glucose monomers are linked in unbranched chain by Beta-1
Alpha-4 glycosidic linkage
Chitin - Answers :polysaccharides-insects exoskeleton
hydrophobic lipids - Answers :in fur to protect animals from water
triglycerol - Answers :three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in dehydration reaction
(release H2O)
stearic acid - Answers :common saturated fatty acid
saturated fatty acid - Answers :hydrocarbon chains connected to SINGLE BONDS
unsaturated fatty acid - Answers :have one or more DOUBLE BONDS
lipids - Answers :waxy covering on leaves
phospholipids - Answers :molecule with TWO FATTY ACIDS and a phosphate group
HYDROPHILIC HEAD AND HYDROPHOBIC TAILS
Steroids - Answers :composed of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
amino acids - Answers :central asymmetric carbon
20 common amino acids found in protein
peptide bonds - Answers :dehydration synthesis reaction-insulin
secondary structures - Answers :alpha and beta pleated sheets
hydrophobic reactions - Answers :in tertiary structure
4 levels of protein structures - Answers :-primary
-secondary-alpha and beta
,-tertiary
-quaternary
nucleotide - Answers :form basic structural unit of DNA and RNA
made of 3 components: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, cheormone phosphate
groups
what pentoses are in DNA and RNA - Answers :purines-double rings
purity-single rings
native DNA - Answers :antiparallel double helix
antiparallel - Answers :5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
ribosome - Answers :two parts: large sub-unit and small sub-unit.
adds correct peptide chain
RNA - Answers :has uracil
DNA - Answers :human genome project
double strands give it the spiral structure
elements - Answers :comprise matter including living things
matter - Answers :any substance that occupies space and has mass
cis and trans - Answers :
cis - Answers :when both hydrogens are on the same side
trans - Answers :both hydrogens are on different sides
phospholipid - Answers :must have two fatty acids attached and a modified phosphate
group connected to a backbone
alpha carbon - Answers :
glutamate - Answers :neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the 7 properties of life? - Answers :Order/Organization
Metabolism
Evolution
Regulate/Control
Growth/Development
Responce to environment
Reproduction
,Organization of biology that we will use in this class in inc. complexity? - Answers
:Atom, molecule, organelle, & cell
Scientific Method - Answers :Make an observation
Ask a question
formulate a hypothesis
make a prediction
collect data
draw conclusion
Hypothesis def. - Answers :is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon,
or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation
Theory def. - Answers :is a plausible or scientifically acceptable, well-substantiated
explanation of some aspect of the natural world... that applies in a variety of
circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena and predict the characteristics of
as yet unobserved phenomena
Macronutrients or Essential Elements def. - Answers :comprise ~99.9%
Micronutrients or Trace Elements - Answers :are needed in minute quantities
The 6 elements of life - Answers :Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfer, Phosphorus, &
Nitrogen
Biological properties of water - Answers :Ability to moderate Temp.
Chemical rxn participant
Cohesive/adhesive
Expansion upon freezing
VERSATITLTY AS A SOLVENT & BASIS OF THE pH SCALE.
Hydrophilic - Answers :Water loving; polar molecules; & dissolve easily in water.
Hydrophobic - Answers :Water hating; non polar molecules; Insoluble
pH def. - Answers :is a measure of the conc'n of H+ in solution; changes by 10^x, where
x is the pH.
Acid def. - Answers :releases H+ ions.
pH goes down and the conc'n of H+ ions goes up
Bases def. - Answers :Consumes H+ ions.
pH goes up because the H+ ion goes up
, Isomers - Answers :Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different
structural formula.
Structural or Simple isomer - Answers :simpeke re-arrangment of atoms
Cis- isomers - Answers :te two Xs are on the same side
Trans- isomer - Answers :The two Xs are on the opposite sides
Enantiomers or Optical isomer - Answers :Mirror Images
Functional group def. - Answers :A specific combonation f elements together
Amino - Answers :NH2
Phosphate - Answers :PO4H2
Sulfhydryl - Answers :SH
Carbonyl - Answers :COH
Carboxyl - Answers :CO2H
Hydroxyl - Answers :OH
lipids - Answers :Fats and oils consumed in small quantities give some energy.
chloroplast - Answers :An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis
occurs
nucleic acids - Answers :Class of biological polymers that includes DNA and RNA.
glycoproteins - Answers :Combinations of proteins and carbohydrates that have
receptors that allow a cell to receive signals from outside.
phospholipids - Answers :A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar,
hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
triglycerides - Answers :1st type of lipid, composed of three fatty acid molecules and
one glycerol molecule
cell wall - Answers :A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
monosaccharides - Answers :bad on position of carbonyl group and number of carbons
in backbone
Sucrose - Answers :glucose+fructose
Disaccharides - Answers :maltose (grain,sugar), lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table
sugar)
Amylose and amylopectin - Answers :starch
cellulose - Answers :glucose monomers are linked in unbranched chain by Beta-1
Alpha-4 glycosidic linkage
Chitin - Answers :polysaccharides-insects exoskeleton
hydrophobic lipids - Answers :in fur to protect animals from water
triglycerol - Answers :three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in dehydration reaction
(release H2O)
stearic acid - Answers :common saturated fatty acid
saturated fatty acid - Answers :hydrocarbon chains connected to SINGLE BONDS
unsaturated fatty acid - Answers :have one or more DOUBLE BONDS
lipids - Answers :waxy covering on leaves
phospholipids - Answers :molecule with TWO FATTY ACIDS and a phosphate group
HYDROPHILIC HEAD AND HYDROPHOBIC TAILS
Steroids - Answers :composed of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
amino acids - Answers :central asymmetric carbon
20 common amino acids found in protein
peptide bonds - Answers :dehydration synthesis reaction-insulin
secondary structures - Answers :alpha and beta pleated sheets
hydrophobic reactions - Answers :in tertiary structure
4 levels of protein structures - Answers :-primary
-secondary-alpha and beta
,-tertiary
-quaternary
nucleotide - Answers :form basic structural unit of DNA and RNA
made of 3 components: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, cheormone phosphate
groups
what pentoses are in DNA and RNA - Answers :purines-double rings
purity-single rings
native DNA - Answers :antiparallel double helix
antiparallel - Answers :5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
ribosome - Answers :two parts: large sub-unit and small sub-unit.
adds correct peptide chain
RNA - Answers :has uracil
DNA - Answers :human genome project
double strands give it the spiral structure
elements - Answers :comprise matter including living things
matter - Answers :any substance that occupies space and has mass
cis and trans - Answers :
cis - Answers :when both hydrogens are on the same side
trans - Answers :both hydrogens are on different sides
phospholipid - Answers :must have two fatty acids attached and a modified phosphate
group connected to a backbone
alpha carbon - Answers :
glutamate - Answers :neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the 7 properties of life? - Answers :Order/Organization
Metabolism
Evolution
Regulate/Control
Growth/Development
Responce to environment
Reproduction
,Organization of biology that we will use in this class in inc. complexity? - Answers
:Atom, molecule, organelle, & cell
Scientific Method - Answers :Make an observation
Ask a question
formulate a hypothesis
make a prediction
collect data
draw conclusion
Hypothesis def. - Answers :is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon,
or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation
Theory def. - Answers :is a plausible or scientifically acceptable, well-substantiated
explanation of some aspect of the natural world... that applies in a variety of
circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena and predict the characteristics of
as yet unobserved phenomena
Macronutrients or Essential Elements def. - Answers :comprise ~99.9%
Micronutrients or Trace Elements - Answers :are needed in minute quantities
The 6 elements of life - Answers :Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfer, Phosphorus, &
Nitrogen
Biological properties of water - Answers :Ability to moderate Temp.
Chemical rxn participant
Cohesive/adhesive
Expansion upon freezing
VERSATITLTY AS A SOLVENT & BASIS OF THE pH SCALE.
Hydrophilic - Answers :Water loving; polar molecules; & dissolve easily in water.
Hydrophobic - Answers :Water hating; non polar molecules; Insoluble
pH def. - Answers :is a measure of the conc'n of H+ in solution; changes by 10^x, where
x is the pH.
Acid def. - Answers :releases H+ ions.
pH goes down and the conc'n of H+ ions goes up
Bases def. - Answers :Consumes H+ ions.
pH goes up because the H+ ion goes up
, Isomers - Answers :Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different
structural formula.
Structural or Simple isomer - Answers :simpeke re-arrangment of atoms
Cis- isomers - Answers :te two Xs are on the same side
Trans- isomer - Answers :The two Xs are on the opposite sides
Enantiomers or Optical isomer - Answers :Mirror Images
Functional group def. - Answers :A specific combonation f elements together
Amino - Answers :NH2
Phosphate - Answers :PO4H2
Sulfhydryl - Answers :SH
Carbonyl - Answers :COH
Carboxyl - Answers :CO2H
Hydroxyl - Answers :OH
lipids - Answers :Fats and oils consumed in small quantities give some energy.
chloroplast - Answers :An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis
occurs
nucleic acids - Answers :Class of biological polymers that includes DNA and RNA.
glycoproteins - Answers :Combinations of proteins and carbohydrates that have
receptors that allow a cell to receive signals from outside.
phospholipids - Answers :A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar,
hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
triglycerides - Answers :1st type of lipid, composed of three fatty acid molecules and
one glycerol molecule
cell wall - Answers :A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
