BIL150 MALLERY PRACTICE EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔tubular membrane structurally continuous with the
nucleus; has a lumen (inner space)
✔✔Smooth ER - ✔✔tubular membranes without ribosomes; used for lipid & bile
biosynthesis and drug detoxification
✔✔Rough ER - ✔✔tubular membranes with ribosomes; synthesizes, transports, and
packages proteins into membrane vesicles
✔✔Signal Sequence - ✔✔a short amino acid sequence in the N-terminus of a newly
transcribed protein that allows SRP molecules to locate it; the SRP molecules direct the
ribosome (that is transcribing RNA) to a SRP receptor protein embedded in the
membrane of an ER; the newly formed peptide is then removed and released into the
lumen of the ER to fold up
✔✔Glycosylation - ✔✔the process of adding carbohydrate groups to proteins being
created in the ER; the carbohydrate groups act as markers to sort the proteins
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔part of the endocytotic pathway; packages extracellular
molecules for internal digestion and delivers newly synthesized proteins/carbohydrates
for extra-cellular secretion
✔✔CIS Face - ✔✔the receiving end of the Golgi; faces the rough ER; proteins made in
the rough ER enter to be processed
✔✔TRANS Face - ✔✔the outward facing end of the Golgi; molecules leave inside
export vesicles and lysosomes
✔✔Processes in the Lumen of the Golgi - ✔✔proteins are modified with sulfates,
carbohydrates & lipids
that help establish their destination
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔a cytoplasmic single membrane bound vesicle, derived via the ER
and Golgi body by glycosylation changes; contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of
either a food vacuole or intracellular material
✔✔Autophagy - ✔✔when a lysosome fuses with the phagophore (surrounding
membrane) and releases its enzymes to break down malfunctioning cell parts
,✔✔Proteasomes - ✔✔large barrel-shaped protein complex that is responsible for
intracellular protein digestion; ubiquitin molecules bind to bad proteins and transport
them to proteasomes
✔✔Endocytotic Pathway - ✔✔a migration path through the vesicular transport of the
endomembrane system
✔✔Process of Exocytosis - ✔✔the Golgi modifies the molecular composition and
metabolic function of the endomembranes vesicles as they flow from ER through the
Golgi; the Golgi then pinches off vesicles that give rise to lysosomes & vacuoles, or the
plasma membrane can fuse with vesicles born in the ER and Golgi which releases the
contents from the cell
✔✔Process of Endocytosis - ✔✔external material is captured into a membrane
vesicular endosome via phagocytosis, which can fuse with a lysosome for intracellular
digestion
✔✔Protein Sorting - ✔✔is possible because proteins bound for different destinations
have different carbohydrate tags
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm of all
cells (prokaryotes & eukaryotes) that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for
movement
✔✔Microfilaments - ✔✔(actin) a universal (from protists to verts) contractile eukaryotic
protein; can control the motion of the cell via microvilli; smallest cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Intermediate Filaments - ✔✔(keratin, vimentin & lamin) protein fibers with an
intermediate diameter; spans cytoplasm providing framework for mechanical strength;
medium sized cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Microtubules - ✔✔make long fibrillar helical protein complexes that form
spontaneously; made of repeating globular units (a dimer): 2 alpha & beta tubulin; help
structure cell and act as spindle fibers during mitosis; largest cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Centrosome - ✔✔(microtubule organizing center) from which microtubules emerge;
organizes cilia and flagella and the mitotic spindle (facilitates spindle fibers formation)
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔microtubule extensions projecting from cells used for
propulsion/motion
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔microtubule extensions held in place in tissues that move fluids over the
tissues acting like oars
, ✔✔Structure of Cilia and Flagella - ✔✔nine microtubule doublets surrounding two
singlet microtubules in the center
✔✔Basal Body - ✔✔centriole found at the base of cilia and flagella
✔✔Dynein - ✔✔a motor protein that attaches and releases to microtubule doublets in
the basal bodies of cilia and flagella; convert chemical energy of ATP into mechanical
energy
✔✔Tension in Cytoskeleton - ✔✔maintained my actin microfilaments
✔✔Compression in Cytoseleton - ✔✔maintained by microtubules
✔✔Amoeba Movement - ✔✔actin microfilaments are used to extend a pseudopodium
(foot) to move the organism
✔✔Cytoplasmic Streaming - ✔✔actin/myosin interactions that result in a circular flow of
the cytoplasm around the cell; only occurs in plant cells
✔✔Kinesin - ✔✔a dimeric motor protein powered by ATP hydrolysis that
changes conformation and converts chemical energy into mechanical energy; walks
along microtubules for intracellular transport
✔✔Tight Junctions - ✔✔they impermeabilize regions, preventing liquids from travekling
between cells; made of a fibrillar protein network (claudins and occludins) on apical side
of epithelial cells; they prevent leakage of materials
✔✔Desmosome - ✔✔an adhering junction (anchors cells together); allows for tissue
formation and intercellular communication via receptors
✔✔Gap Junctions - ✔✔intercellular channels for communication; allows ions, electric
impulses, etc. to pass between cells
✔✔Plasmodesmata - ✔✔cytoplasmic strands between plant cell walls that makes these
plant cells a syncytium (a group that acts as single cell); microtubules can cross them
✔✔Central Vacuole - ✔✔large water-filled membrane sac surrounded by a vacuolar
membrane; helps maintain turgor pressure; active-transport carriers in the vacuolar
membrane allow for one way accumulation of toxins into the vacuolar spaces
✔✔Endodermis - ✔✔innermost layer of cells in the cortex of a plant roots that forms a
cylinder of tissue
✔✔Symplastic Route - ✔✔intercellular transport in plants via plasmodesmata
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔tubular membrane structurally continuous with the
nucleus; has a lumen (inner space)
✔✔Smooth ER - ✔✔tubular membranes without ribosomes; used for lipid & bile
biosynthesis and drug detoxification
✔✔Rough ER - ✔✔tubular membranes with ribosomes; synthesizes, transports, and
packages proteins into membrane vesicles
✔✔Signal Sequence - ✔✔a short amino acid sequence in the N-terminus of a newly
transcribed protein that allows SRP molecules to locate it; the SRP molecules direct the
ribosome (that is transcribing RNA) to a SRP receptor protein embedded in the
membrane of an ER; the newly formed peptide is then removed and released into the
lumen of the ER to fold up
✔✔Glycosylation - ✔✔the process of adding carbohydrate groups to proteins being
created in the ER; the carbohydrate groups act as markers to sort the proteins
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔part of the endocytotic pathway; packages extracellular
molecules for internal digestion and delivers newly synthesized proteins/carbohydrates
for extra-cellular secretion
✔✔CIS Face - ✔✔the receiving end of the Golgi; faces the rough ER; proteins made in
the rough ER enter to be processed
✔✔TRANS Face - ✔✔the outward facing end of the Golgi; molecules leave inside
export vesicles and lysosomes
✔✔Processes in the Lumen of the Golgi - ✔✔proteins are modified with sulfates,
carbohydrates & lipids
that help establish their destination
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔a cytoplasmic single membrane bound vesicle, derived via the ER
and Golgi body by glycosylation changes; contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of
either a food vacuole or intracellular material
✔✔Autophagy - ✔✔when a lysosome fuses with the phagophore (surrounding
membrane) and releases its enzymes to break down malfunctioning cell parts
,✔✔Proteasomes - ✔✔large barrel-shaped protein complex that is responsible for
intracellular protein digestion; ubiquitin molecules bind to bad proteins and transport
them to proteasomes
✔✔Endocytotic Pathway - ✔✔a migration path through the vesicular transport of the
endomembrane system
✔✔Process of Exocytosis - ✔✔the Golgi modifies the molecular composition and
metabolic function of the endomembranes vesicles as they flow from ER through the
Golgi; the Golgi then pinches off vesicles that give rise to lysosomes & vacuoles, or the
plasma membrane can fuse with vesicles born in the ER and Golgi which releases the
contents from the cell
✔✔Process of Endocytosis - ✔✔external material is captured into a membrane
vesicular endosome via phagocytosis, which can fuse with a lysosome for intracellular
digestion
✔✔Protein Sorting - ✔✔is possible because proteins bound for different destinations
have different carbohydrate tags
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm of all
cells (prokaryotes & eukaryotes) that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for
movement
✔✔Microfilaments - ✔✔(actin) a universal (from protists to verts) contractile eukaryotic
protein; can control the motion of the cell via microvilli; smallest cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Intermediate Filaments - ✔✔(keratin, vimentin & lamin) protein fibers with an
intermediate diameter; spans cytoplasm providing framework for mechanical strength;
medium sized cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Microtubules - ✔✔make long fibrillar helical protein complexes that form
spontaneously; made of repeating globular units (a dimer): 2 alpha & beta tubulin; help
structure cell and act as spindle fibers during mitosis; largest cytoskeletal protein
✔✔Centrosome - ✔✔(microtubule organizing center) from which microtubules emerge;
organizes cilia and flagella and the mitotic spindle (facilitates spindle fibers formation)
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔microtubule extensions projecting from cells used for
propulsion/motion
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔microtubule extensions held in place in tissues that move fluids over the
tissues acting like oars
, ✔✔Structure of Cilia and Flagella - ✔✔nine microtubule doublets surrounding two
singlet microtubules in the center
✔✔Basal Body - ✔✔centriole found at the base of cilia and flagella
✔✔Dynein - ✔✔a motor protein that attaches and releases to microtubule doublets in
the basal bodies of cilia and flagella; convert chemical energy of ATP into mechanical
energy
✔✔Tension in Cytoskeleton - ✔✔maintained my actin microfilaments
✔✔Compression in Cytoseleton - ✔✔maintained by microtubules
✔✔Amoeba Movement - ✔✔actin microfilaments are used to extend a pseudopodium
(foot) to move the organism
✔✔Cytoplasmic Streaming - ✔✔actin/myosin interactions that result in a circular flow of
the cytoplasm around the cell; only occurs in plant cells
✔✔Kinesin - ✔✔a dimeric motor protein powered by ATP hydrolysis that
changes conformation and converts chemical energy into mechanical energy; walks
along microtubules for intracellular transport
✔✔Tight Junctions - ✔✔they impermeabilize regions, preventing liquids from travekling
between cells; made of a fibrillar protein network (claudins and occludins) on apical side
of epithelial cells; they prevent leakage of materials
✔✔Desmosome - ✔✔an adhering junction (anchors cells together); allows for tissue
formation and intercellular communication via receptors
✔✔Gap Junctions - ✔✔intercellular channels for communication; allows ions, electric
impulses, etc. to pass between cells
✔✔Plasmodesmata - ✔✔cytoplasmic strands between plant cell walls that makes these
plant cells a syncytium (a group that acts as single cell); microtubules can cross them
✔✔Central Vacuole - ✔✔large water-filled membrane sac surrounded by a vacuolar
membrane; helps maintain turgor pressure; active-transport carriers in the vacuolar
membrane allow for one way accumulation of toxins into the vacuolar spaces
✔✔Endodermis - ✔✔innermost layer of cells in the cortex of a plant roots that forms a
cylinder of tissue
✔✔Symplastic Route - ✔✔intercellular transport in plants via plasmodesmata
