OSSF Installer Exam 1 | Question with 100%
Correct Answer
Deglutition Phases - ✔️✔️1. Oral: tongue forces bolus towards pharynx. Involuntary
swallowing reflex in medulla
2. Pharyngeal: bolus from mouth to pharynx to esophagus
3. Esophageal: primary and secondary peristaltic wave
Swallowing Reflex - ✔️✔️Carried to medullary swallowing center via vagus and
glosopharyngeal nerves
Nucleus ambiguus activates striated muscle
Dorsal motor nucleus activates smooth muscle
Primary vs Secondary Peristalsis - ✔️✔️1. Swallowing
2. Clearing remaining material from esophagus or from reflux
UES or LES is major site of regulation? - ✔️✔️LES. Neural and hormonal influences
Salivary Glands and type of secretion - ✔️✔️Parotid: serous
Sublingual: mixed
Mandibular: mixed
Zygomatic: mucous
7 Functions of Saliva - ✔️✔️1. Hydration
2. Evaporative cooling
3. Bicarb and Phosphate for buffering
4. R factor for vit B12 transport
5. Protection from bacterai
6. Initial food digestion (amaylase and lipase)
7. Urea
Saliva Protection from Bacteria 5 - ✔️✔️1. HCO and other buffers
2. IgA
3. Lysozyme
4. Proline-rich proteins bind to tannins
5. Lactoferrin binds Fe++ and is bacteriostatic
Salivon - ✔️✔️Basic functional unit of salivary secretion
Primary secretion by acinar cells. Stimulated by myoepithelial cells
Striated ducts modify saliva electrolyte concentrations
2 Step process of Saliva Modification - ✔️✔️Originally isotonic, similar to plasma
Na, Cl reabsorption (greater)
K, HCO3 secretion
, Hypotonic
Flow rate Effect on Ionic Composition of Saliva - ✔️✔️Slow: more contact with ductal
cells, more reabsorption/secretion
Fast: similar to initial secretion values
Regulation of Salivary Secretion Unique Characteristics 2 - ✔️✔️1. Neural control only
2. Secretion increased by both para and symp
Major Functions of Stomach 7 - ✔️✔️1. Site of temporary storage
2. Initial protein digestion
3. Hormonal regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretions
4. Mucous lubrication
5. Protection of gastric mucosa
6. Inactivation of ingested bacteria, virus, parasites
7. Secretion and binding to vit B12
Stomach Receptive Relaxing - ✔️✔️Occurs when cardia and fundus relaxes at same time
as LES
Vagovagal reflex
VIP neuropeptide released
Regulation of Gastric Mixing - ✔️✔️Neural and Hormonal
Promote: PNS, Gastrin, Motilin
Inhib: SNS, secretin, GIP
Gastric Emptying Stimulation - ✔️✔️Distension - stretch sensory cells
Peptides - Gastrin
Gastric Emptying Inhibition - ✔️✔️Low pH and high fat content - CCK and GIP
(high [peptides], pressure, osmolarity)
6 Cell Types of Gastric Mucosa - ✔️✔️1. Parietal: secretes H+ and IF (B12)
2. Chief cells: secretes Pepsinogen
3. Endocrine: gastrin
4. ECL cells: histamine
5. Epithelial mucosal cells: HCO3, prostaglandins
6. Mucosal/stem cells
Cephalic Phase of Gastric HCl secretion - ✔️✔️Vagal stimulates G and parietal cells for
H+ secretion
GRP acts on G cells -> gastrin
30% of HCl secretion
Gastric Phase of HCl secretion - ✔️✔️AA and distension contribute to HCl secretion
Correct Answer
Deglutition Phases - ✔️✔️1. Oral: tongue forces bolus towards pharynx. Involuntary
swallowing reflex in medulla
2. Pharyngeal: bolus from mouth to pharynx to esophagus
3. Esophageal: primary and secondary peristaltic wave
Swallowing Reflex - ✔️✔️Carried to medullary swallowing center via vagus and
glosopharyngeal nerves
Nucleus ambiguus activates striated muscle
Dorsal motor nucleus activates smooth muscle
Primary vs Secondary Peristalsis - ✔️✔️1. Swallowing
2. Clearing remaining material from esophagus or from reflux
UES or LES is major site of regulation? - ✔️✔️LES. Neural and hormonal influences
Salivary Glands and type of secretion - ✔️✔️Parotid: serous
Sublingual: mixed
Mandibular: mixed
Zygomatic: mucous
7 Functions of Saliva - ✔️✔️1. Hydration
2. Evaporative cooling
3. Bicarb and Phosphate for buffering
4. R factor for vit B12 transport
5. Protection from bacterai
6. Initial food digestion (amaylase and lipase)
7. Urea
Saliva Protection from Bacteria 5 - ✔️✔️1. HCO and other buffers
2. IgA
3. Lysozyme
4. Proline-rich proteins bind to tannins
5. Lactoferrin binds Fe++ and is bacteriostatic
Salivon - ✔️✔️Basic functional unit of salivary secretion
Primary secretion by acinar cells. Stimulated by myoepithelial cells
Striated ducts modify saliva electrolyte concentrations
2 Step process of Saliva Modification - ✔️✔️Originally isotonic, similar to plasma
Na, Cl reabsorption (greater)
K, HCO3 secretion
, Hypotonic
Flow rate Effect on Ionic Composition of Saliva - ✔️✔️Slow: more contact with ductal
cells, more reabsorption/secretion
Fast: similar to initial secretion values
Regulation of Salivary Secretion Unique Characteristics 2 - ✔️✔️1. Neural control only
2. Secretion increased by both para and symp
Major Functions of Stomach 7 - ✔️✔️1. Site of temporary storage
2. Initial protein digestion
3. Hormonal regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretions
4. Mucous lubrication
5. Protection of gastric mucosa
6. Inactivation of ingested bacteria, virus, parasites
7. Secretion and binding to vit B12
Stomach Receptive Relaxing - ✔️✔️Occurs when cardia and fundus relaxes at same time
as LES
Vagovagal reflex
VIP neuropeptide released
Regulation of Gastric Mixing - ✔️✔️Neural and Hormonal
Promote: PNS, Gastrin, Motilin
Inhib: SNS, secretin, GIP
Gastric Emptying Stimulation - ✔️✔️Distension - stretch sensory cells
Peptides - Gastrin
Gastric Emptying Inhibition - ✔️✔️Low pH and high fat content - CCK and GIP
(high [peptides], pressure, osmolarity)
6 Cell Types of Gastric Mucosa - ✔️✔️1. Parietal: secretes H+ and IF (B12)
2. Chief cells: secretes Pepsinogen
3. Endocrine: gastrin
4. ECL cells: histamine
5. Epithelial mucosal cells: HCO3, prostaglandins
6. Mucosal/stem cells
Cephalic Phase of Gastric HCl secretion - ✔️✔️Vagal stimulates G and parietal cells for
H+ secretion
GRP acts on G cells -> gastrin
30% of HCl secretion
Gastric Phase of HCl secretion - ✔️✔️AA and distension contribute to HCl secretion
