APUSH 2025 EXAM Encomienda - C

Full Midterm Review APUSH 2025 EXAM Encomienda - CORRECT ANSWERS Spanish "grant" of the labor of Indians to a Spanish settler; Indians were supposed to be fed and converted to Catholicism, but, in practice, this ended up being slavery; so the Spanish Crown legally ended it in the mid 1500s Romantic and perfectionist ideas - CORRECT ANSWERS Ideas that profoundly changed political culture in the United States by fostering debates over rights for minorities and eventually leading to a war to end slavery. Christian thinking - CORRECT ANSWERS A heavy dose of religious thought injected into politics and society, resulting from the influence of romantic and perfectionist ideas. Slavery - CORRECT ANSWERS The forced labor originally on native peoples then pivoted to Africans. Chesapeake Model - CORRECT ANSWERS A colonial model in Virginia and Maryland characterized by English settlers, mostly single men, looking for wealth, adopting indentured servitude, and eventually switching to race-based African slavery. New England Way - CORRECT ANSWERS A colonial model in Massachusetts and Connecticut characterized by English families migrating together, strong religious influence (Puritans), mixed economy, and self-government through town meetings. Mayflower Compact - CORRECT ANSWERS An agreement signed by the Pilgrims in 1620 to live by majority rule, establishing a form of self-government. Playoff System - CORRECT ANSWERS A strategy employed by Native nations to play various European powers against each other to obtain better trade and treatment. Rights of Englishmen - CORRECT ANSWERS The belief held by colonial Americans that they have all the rights that people in England have, serving as a justification for rejecting British taxes in the 1760s. Post-Revolution emancipation - CORRECT ANSWERS The elimination of slavery in northern states between 1780 and 1800, inspired by Revolutionary ideas, and some limited manumission occurring in the South. George Washington/precedents - CORRECT ANSWERS The actions taken by George Washington as the first President of the US, which set precedents for the future, including serving only two terms. Foreign entanglements - CORRECT ANSWERS The belief held by George Washington that getting involved in the politics of other nations would draw Americans into wars, as expressed in his Farewell Address. Market Revolution - CORRECT ANSWERS A shift towards producing goods for the market, relying on cash, banks, and credit, resulting from factors such as the War of 1812, increasing transportation, and separate spheres for women. Free wage labor - CORRECT ANSWERS The condition of working in factories for wages as a lifelong arrangement, which emerged as a result of the Market Revolution. Whigs and Democrats - CORRECT ANSWERS Political parties in conflict over the role of the federal government in promoting economic growth during the Market Revolution. Separate spheres - CORRECT ANSWERS The division of roles between men and women, with women being associated with the home and domesticity, which was emphasized during the Market Revolution. 2nd Great Awakening - CORRECT ANSWERS A religious revival movement in the 1820s-1850s among Protestant Christians, leading to social reform efforts to address issues such as crime, disease, poverty, and drinking. Perfectionism - CORRECT ANSWERS The belief that humankind can strive for perfection, leading to an impulse toward social reform. Voluntary associations - CORRECT ANSWERS Groups of people who work together to solve social problems, formed as a result of the belief in perfectionism during the 2nd Great Awakening. TECUMSEH - CORRECT ANSWERS A Shawnee leader who attempted to unite native peoples in Ohio and Indiana to resist white encroachment on their lands. Tenkswatawa - CORRECT ANSWERS A native leader who urged natives to reject white culture, but failed to prevent white Americans from taking Indian territory in the War of 1812. Agrarian Republicanism - CORRECT ANSWERS Thomas Jefferson's belief that the backbone of the US is farmers, and that farming will secure a politically stable future for the country. Regional Interdependence - CORRECT ANSWERS The increased connection in trade between the East and West during the Market Revolution, with the South being dependent on the North for banking, marketing, finance, and insurance related to slavery and cotton production. Commodore Matthew Perry - CORRECT ANSWERS A naval officer who forced Japan to trade with the US through the use of force in 1854, illustrating the impact of Manifest Destiny on opening up Pacific trade. Nativism - CORRECT ANSWERS A response to Irish and German migrants in the 1840s and 1850s, leading to the formation of the Know-Nothing Party. Abolitionism - CORRECT ANSWERS The movement advocating for the immediate emancipation of enslaved individuals with no compensation, using moral suasion to persuade slaveowners to give up their slaves voluntarily. Conquistadors - CORRECT ANSWERS Spanish soldiers and explorers who participated in the Spanish colonization of the Americas beginning in 1492 with Columbus. During the pre-Columbian period from , before European contact, the term conquistador does not readily apply in describing the indigenous civilizations and history of the Americas. American Indian settlements - CORRECT ANSWERS During this pre-Columbian era, American Indians developed advanced civilizations including the Maya, Aztec, Inca, Pueblo, and Mississippian cultures. They built large urban settlements, complex agricultural systems, extensive trade networks, and impressive architecture and artworks across what is now the United States, Mesoamerica, and Andean South America. Epidemic diseases - CORRECT ANSWERS In the pre-Columbian Americas, indigenous peoples suffered from some endemic infectious diseases like parasites and salmonella, but lacked widespread epidemic diseases common in Eurasia. After 1492, European contact introduced foreign pathogens like smallpox, measles, and influenza that devastated native populations lacking immunity. Jamestown - CORRECT ANSWERS Jamestown, established in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America. Located in present-day Virginia, the colony overcame early struggles to become the capital of the Virginia colony. Jamestown and the surrounding Chesapeake region drove the development of England's tobacco economy and the expansion of slavery in British North America in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The house of Burgesses - CORRECT ANSWERS Established in 1619, was the first elected representative legislature in English North America. Meeting annually in Jamestown, it laws and levied taxes, gradually expanding political rights for Virginia colonists and helping establish concepts of self-government that impacted later British colonies as well as the American Revolution