HPS210 Final Detailed Exam 2025

lore about machinery - -scientists started to explore connections between specific machines and natural processes most influential connections between machines and nature (2) - -- Harvey's treatment of human heart as a special kind of pump - Kepler's treatment of human eye as a pinhole camera with focusing properties known for optics - -Kepler Brahe - -found that lunar diameter appeared smaller during solar eclipse than at other times, so either moon changes size or moved further away from earth during eclipse what did Kepler say about the moon diameter appearing smaller during solar eclipse than at other times? - -Kepler said changing diameter of moon was caused by intersection of optical mechanism with rays of light (deception is built onto pinhole camera) Kepler and retina - -Kepler said act of seeing involves painting an inverted picture on retina, like picture that appears on back of camera obscura who said that the world is seen differently through eyes of other animals? - -Kepler who studied the heart? - -Galen Harvey - -- planned program on respiration, functions of brain and spleen, animal locomotion and anatomy - dissected eight different species of animals who came up with universal cause of motion? - -Descartes who came up with law of conservation? - -Descartes who accepted Aristotle's "nature abhors a vacuum"? - -Descartes what did Descartes say the fundamental property of matter is? - -extension who came up with vortex theory of planetary motion? - -Descartes Descartes and motion - -- all motion is conserved - a particle has the tendency to move in a straight line - motion is relational property (the change of distance between two bodies) - motion is conserved by God two causes of motion - -universal and primary cause Descartes' first law of nature - -each thing always remains in same state Descartes' second law of nature - -all movement is along straight lines Descartes' third law of nature - -a body about to come in contact with a weaker one, loses as much as it transfers to the weaker body (depends on velocity and size) inertia doesn't play a role in his planetary system - -Descartes vortex - -because of circular motion, particles collide with one another and because they break off into smaller pieces, the small pieces accumulate in the center of each vortex causing a whirlpool or vortex of matter Planetary system as a vortex (who and what does that mean?) - -- Descartes idea - a bunch of vortexes pressing on each other - planets do what they do bc pressure from other vortexes press against (in conjuction with centripetal force, like tetherball) scum and sun spots - -sun spots are caused by particles boiling up onto the surface of the sun and that's called scum what's a decaying star? (Descartes) - -when scum extends over entire surface of a star what's a comet? (Descartes) - -if a decaying star velocity is greater than any part of the vortex, it will jump into another vortex and that's a comet what's a planet? (Descartes) - -when the velocity of star is the same as the vortex, it will revolve in the vortex and be wrapped in particles and this star is called a planet how did Descartes explain gravity? - -Descartes said celestial matter that circulates in all directions around the earth tends to push all terrestrial objects towards Earth who agrees with Descartes planetary system? - -Newton agreed with Descartes theory until he solved Halley's problem and then gave up Descartes' theory why was Descartes' theory of the planetary system popular? - -- because it was mechanical - vortex theory was taught everywhere inertia for Descartes (he was credited with inertia) - -each thing remains in same state, if moving will stay moving, if still will stay still unless there is a disturbance plenum - -cosmos as a plenum - space filled completely with matter centripetal force - -force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed toward the center around which the body is moving Descartes' Authority of Reason - -truths of nature can't be discovered by the senses at all Vesalius's On the Fabric of the Human Body book - -- book of skeleton doesn't show what each of the bones/joints do but shows how to put it together - goes through muscles and nervous system - shows anatomy as a teachable science - treats body as a mechanism, a machine Vesalius dissections - -- people who were executed were given to Vesalius to dissect - dissected people, unlike Galen who dissected Rhesus monkeys who connected science to the people? - -Vesalius did through dissections aristotle's idea of body and death - -body is not actually dead after death (connects it with mind/soul) Vesalius's idea of body and death - -- body is just a machine, didn't think of soul/mind - when body sat up during dissection, changed his mind and never heard from him again (showed that mind and body were connected) Tulp - -- studied anatomy - did dissections and people attended those sessions (including Descartes) Ruysch anatomy lesson - -- did dissection of baby - nobody was showing remorse who wrote the Great Instauration? - -Bacon the Great Instauration - -- global reform of the sciences - incorporates a notion of progress and is on of the guiding principles of Enlightenment progress - -change that is directed and desirable evolution - -change that is not directed (Darwin) smallness - -- was appreciated - ex. microscope who came up with the scientific method? - -Bacon who was responsible for experimental philosophy and being progressive? - -Bacon inductivisim (matching) - -Bacon deductivism (matching) - -Descartes collaboration in search of knowledge (what) - -- idea of collaboration bloomed with Bacon - science if imperfect body of knowledge that can be fixed and improved by many scientists - collaboration was key in the new experimental philosophy of nature Alchemy (matching) - -alkahest who was appointed Curator to the Society and what was his job? - -- Hooke - job was to provide 3-4 considerable experiments each day the society met what is inductivism? (for Bacon) - -a method of arriving at scientific knowledge through use of experimental procedures to reveal general truths who were the main influencers of Alchemy? - -Bacon, Boyle, and Newton - they were convinced forms could be transmuted into one another - they were deeply suspicious of observation because forms can change from moment to moment what sparked foundation of The Royal Society? - -Bacon's Novum Organum what is the Royal Society? - -group meeting every week to discuss problems in natural philosophy who worked with the microscope? - -Hooke who worked on optics and astronomy? - -Newton Bacon's motivation for fresh start - -Bacon wanted natural science as a distinct discipline Descartes' motivation for fresh start - -Descartes' wanted to put all disciplines in a single shared math foothold Boyle and the experimental life - -- liked experiments - helped discredit Aristotle's "nature abhors a vacuum" - made bunch of small discoveries (amber, diamond, needle) Guericke - -- built first air pump - demonstrated air's weight and determined its density - worked with electricity and static with sphere - observed repulsion Hooke's microscope - -small double convex lens at top, large convex field lens, another double convex lens at bottom Leeuwenhoek - -- constructed microscopes - studied microorganisms and interested in study of sperm and sperm penetration of egg animalcules (matching) - -spermatazoa ovism (what is it and matching) - -- it's old theory that egg is whole embryo of future organism - Harvey knowledge is power (matching) - -Bacon Pocket watch (matching) - -Hooke who made the modern vacuum pump - -Boyle who designed a lot buildings in London after Bubonic plague? - -Hooke who made compound microscope? - -Hooke who observed Gray Drone fly a