PHRM2101 TEST WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
A patient has Cardiovascular disease. What is the appropriate dietary modification?
What type of diet can be suggested? What does this diet contain - ANSWER The aim is to
reduce body fat. This can be achieved through Dietary factors that reduce body fat
storage and inflammation, improve blood vessel function and help to regulate blood
sugar and lipids, are most likely to be beneficial for the prevention and management of
CVD
A mediterranean diet can be suggested: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts,
legumes, lean proteins from fish and poultry, good fats from olive oil, and some dairy,
while limiting consumption of sweets and red meat
What medical condition is linked to CVD? why? - ANSWER diabetes. This is because they
both share similar risk factors (factors that can lead to the disease) and the
physiological processes associated with the progression of each disease are somewhat
similar
What are the risk factors of type 1 diabetes? What can this progress to, and what are the
risk factors of the progression? - ANSWER The cluster of risk factors including high
waist circumference, high blood triglycerides, high blood pressure, high blood glucose
and low blood HDL cholesterol is called the Metabolic Syndrome.
These metabolic risk factors can progress to Type 2 diabetes, which is a chronic
disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood.
What organs does type 2 diabetes damage? - ANSWER Chronically elevated blood
glucose can cause progressive damage to many other organs and tissues. These
include the kidneys, blood vessels and eyes
Lifestyle advice for people with diabetes? - ANSWER A range of lifestyle factors are
important in the prevention of diabetes. These include both diet and exercise. Food
choices that prevent weight gain, reduce inflammation and assist in the regulation of
blood glucose are likely to assist with the prevention of diabete
food choices= low fat, low carb
risk factors for cancer? - ANSWER Smoking - lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical
cancer
Obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer
UV exposure - skin cancer
Viral infection - infection with hepatitis B/C can increase the risk of developing liver
cancer
, Old age (not preventable)
What is gut microbiota? - ANSWER the system of microorganisms in a person's
gastrointestinal system
Microorganisms residing in the large intestine of humans process food components that
have not been completely digested in the small intestine. This results in the production
of molecules such as short chain fatty acids, which can then be used for energy by the
cells on the intestinal wall.
nutrigenetics vs nutrigenomics - ANSWER nutrigenetics: defined as the science of the
effect of genetic variation on dietary responses.
nutrigenomics: is defined as the role of nutrients and bioactive food compounds in gene
expression.
What happens in a ketogenic diet - ANSWER carbs are replaced with fats.
spikes of glucose and insulin decrease (which is associated with reduced oxidative
stress) and reduced inflammatory response after eating
as well as reduced insulin resistance and improvements in many features of metabolic
syndrome.
AR (Estimated Average Requirement) meaning? - ANSWER A daily nutrient level
estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life
stage and gender group.
RDI (Recommended Dietary Intake) - ANSWER The average daily dietary intake level
that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 per cent) healthy
individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
AI (Adequate Intake) - ANSWER used when an RDI cannot be determined) - The average
daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined
approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently
healthy people that are assumed to be adequate.
EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) - ANSWER The average dietary energy intake that
is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of defined age, gender,
weight, height and level of physical activity, consistent with good health.
UL (Upper Level of Intake) - ANSWER The highest average daily nutrient intake level
likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general
population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects
increases.
- ANSWER Step 1: Carbohydrate enters the small bowel
Step 2: Pancreatic enzymes break down the carbohydrates into monosaccharides,
A patient has Cardiovascular disease. What is the appropriate dietary modification?
What type of diet can be suggested? What does this diet contain - ANSWER The aim is to
reduce body fat. This can be achieved through Dietary factors that reduce body fat
storage and inflammation, improve blood vessel function and help to regulate blood
sugar and lipids, are most likely to be beneficial for the prevention and management of
CVD
A mediterranean diet can be suggested: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts,
legumes, lean proteins from fish and poultry, good fats from olive oil, and some dairy,
while limiting consumption of sweets and red meat
What medical condition is linked to CVD? why? - ANSWER diabetes. This is because they
both share similar risk factors (factors that can lead to the disease) and the
physiological processes associated with the progression of each disease are somewhat
similar
What are the risk factors of type 1 diabetes? What can this progress to, and what are the
risk factors of the progression? - ANSWER The cluster of risk factors including high
waist circumference, high blood triglycerides, high blood pressure, high blood glucose
and low blood HDL cholesterol is called the Metabolic Syndrome.
These metabolic risk factors can progress to Type 2 diabetes, which is a chronic
disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood.
What organs does type 2 diabetes damage? - ANSWER Chronically elevated blood
glucose can cause progressive damage to many other organs and tissues. These
include the kidneys, blood vessels and eyes
Lifestyle advice for people with diabetes? - ANSWER A range of lifestyle factors are
important in the prevention of diabetes. These include both diet and exercise. Food
choices that prevent weight gain, reduce inflammation and assist in the regulation of
blood glucose are likely to assist with the prevention of diabete
food choices= low fat, low carb
risk factors for cancer? - ANSWER Smoking - lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical
cancer
Obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer
UV exposure - skin cancer
Viral infection - infection with hepatitis B/C can increase the risk of developing liver
cancer
, Old age (not preventable)
What is gut microbiota? - ANSWER the system of microorganisms in a person's
gastrointestinal system
Microorganisms residing in the large intestine of humans process food components that
have not been completely digested in the small intestine. This results in the production
of molecules such as short chain fatty acids, which can then be used for energy by the
cells on the intestinal wall.
nutrigenetics vs nutrigenomics - ANSWER nutrigenetics: defined as the science of the
effect of genetic variation on dietary responses.
nutrigenomics: is defined as the role of nutrients and bioactive food compounds in gene
expression.
What happens in a ketogenic diet - ANSWER carbs are replaced with fats.
spikes of glucose and insulin decrease (which is associated with reduced oxidative
stress) and reduced inflammatory response after eating
as well as reduced insulin resistance and improvements in many features of metabolic
syndrome.
AR (Estimated Average Requirement) meaning? - ANSWER A daily nutrient level
estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life
stage and gender group.
RDI (Recommended Dietary Intake) - ANSWER The average daily dietary intake level
that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 per cent) healthy
individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
AI (Adequate Intake) - ANSWER used when an RDI cannot be determined) - The average
daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined
approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently
healthy people that are assumed to be adequate.
EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) - ANSWER The average dietary energy intake that
is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of defined age, gender,
weight, height and level of physical activity, consistent with good health.
UL (Upper Level of Intake) - ANSWER The highest average daily nutrient intake level
likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general
population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects
increases.
- ANSWER Step 1: Carbohydrate enters the small bowel
Step 2: Pancreatic enzymes break down the carbohydrates into monosaccharides,
