NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
PathophysiologygFinalgStudygGuide
PathogSectiong1
Cellg&gTissuegFunction/DysfunctiongAtr
ophy:gdecreasegingsizegofgcells.gHy
pertrophy:gincreasegingcellgsize.
Hyperplasia:gincreasegingnumbergofgcells.
Metaplasia:gmaturegcellgtypegisgreplacedgbygagdifferentgmaturegcellgtype.gDysplasi
a:gcellsgvarygingsizeg&gshapegwithingagtissue.
Anaplasia:gundifferentiatedgcellsgwithgvariablegnuclearg&gcellgstructure.gNeoplas
m:gtumor.
CellgDamage
Ischemia:goxygengdeficitgduegtogrespiratorygorgcirculatorygproblems
.gHypoxia:greducedgoxygengingtissue.
OxygengDeficit:gdecreasedgenergygproduction,glossgofgNagpumpg↑gintracellulargNa.gTe
mperature:ginactivationgofgsomegenzymes,gdamagesgorganelles,gprotein coagulation,
disruptiongofgcellgmembrane.
Micro-organisms
AbnormalgMetabolites:gcausedgbyggeneticgdisordersgorgalteredgmetabolism.gNutri
tionalgDeficits
CellgDeath
Apoptosis:programmedgcellgdeathgcontrolledgbyggenetics
.gNecrosis:lysisgofgagcell,gcellgcomponentsgleakgintogblood
.
Liquification:deadgcellsgliquefygduegtogreleasegofgenzymes.gCoagulation:
cellgproteinsgaregalteredgorgdenaturedgcausinggcoagulation.
Caseous:formgofgcoagulationgnecrosis,gthick,gyellowish,gcheesy.
Fat:gfattygtissuegisgbrokengdowngintogfattygacids.
TissuegDamagegfromgChemicalsgExogeno
us:gfromgenvironment.gEndogenou
s:gfromginsidegthegbody,
TissuegDamagegfromgPhysicalgAgents
Hypothermia:gvasoconstriction,g↑gbloodgviscosity,ghypovolemicgshockg↓gbloodgpr
essure.
Hyperthermia:gcausesggeneralgvasodilatation,gdecreasegingcirculatinggbloo
dgvolume.
Radiation:gprimarilygaffectsgactivelygdividinggcell
sgBiologicalgAgents
Insects/Animals:gdirectginjectiongofgtoxin,gtransmissiongofginfectiousgagent,galler
gicgreactiongtoginsectgproteins.
FoodgPoisoning
gNormalgDefensesgofgthegBody
1stgLinegDefense
PhysicalgBarriers:gunbrokengskin,gmucousgmembranes,gnasalghair,gclots.gF
,NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
luids:gmaygcontaingenzymesgorgchemicals:saliva,gtears,ggastric,gsweat.
2ndgLinegDefense-non-specific
,NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
Phagocytosis:neutrophilsg&gmacrophagesgengulfgcells,gdebris,gforeigngmat.gInflammati
on:gautomaticgresponsegtogcellginjury.
3rdgLinegDefense-
specificgdefensegproducedgbygAntibodi
es
CellgMediatedgImmunity
gCellulargDefenses
MastgCells:glocatedgingtissueg&greleaseghistamineg&gbradykinin.gMa
crophages:gmonocytesgthatgentergtissueg&gactgasgphagocytes.
Interferons:gsmallgproteinsgmadegbyglymphocytesgtogpreventgvirusgreplication.gW
hitegBloodgCells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils:gworkgbygphagocytosis.
Basophils:greleaseghistaminegleadinggtoginflammation
.gEosinophils:combatgthegeffectsgofghistamine.
Agranulocytes
Monocytes:cangentergtissuegtogbecomegmacrophagesgwhic
hgfunctiongasgphagocyte.
Lymphocytes:gBg&gT
AcutegInflammation
VasculargResponse:gvasodilatationg&gincreasedgcapillarygpermeability.
CellulargResponse:gmigrationgofginflammatorygcellsgthroughgchemotaxisgtoginjurygsitegt
ogdestroygineffectivegorganism,gremovegdamagedgcells,greleasedginflammation mediators.
Exudate
Serous:gwatery,gmostlygfluids,gsomegproteinsgandgWBC’s
.gFibrinous:gthick,gsticky,ghighgfibringcontent.
Purulent:gthick,gyellow-
green,gcontainsgleukocytes,gcellgdebrisg&gmicroorganisms.gAbscess:gPocketgofgpurulentg
exudatesgorgpusgingagsolidgtissue.
LocalgEffectsgofgInflammation-
CardinalgSignsgofgInflammationgRednessg&gWarmth:gdu
egtogincreasedgbloodgflowgtogarea.gSwelling:gshiftgofgprot
eing&gfluidgintoginterstitialgspace.
Pain:gpressuregongfreegnervegendings,gchemicalgmediatorsgirritategnerve
s.gLossgofgFunction:gedemagmaygrestrictgmovement.
SystemicgEffectsgofgInflammation
MildgFever:gduegtogresettinggofghypothalamicgthermoregulatorygsetgpoint,grelease
of
gendogenousgpyrogens.
MalaisegF
atiguegHe
adachegA
norexia
TreatmentgofgInflammation:gdrugsgmaygdecreasegcapillarygpermeability,greducegnumbergofgleuk
ocytesg&gmastgcells.
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
TypesgofgHealing
Resolution:gminimalgtissuegdamage,gcellsgcangrepairgthemselves
.gRegeneration:gdamagedgtissuegisgreplacedgbygidenticalgtissue.
Replacement:gfunctionalgtissuegreplacedgbygscargorgfibrousgtissue.
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
PathophysiologygFinalgStudygGuide
PathogSectiong1
Cellg&gTissuegFunction/DysfunctiongAtr
ophy:gdecreasegingsizegofgcells.gHy
pertrophy:gincreasegingcellgsize.
Hyperplasia:gincreasegingnumbergofgcells.
Metaplasia:gmaturegcellgtypegisgreplacedgbygagdifferentgmaturegcellgtype.gDysplasi
a:gcellsgvarygingsizeg&gshapegwithingagtissue.
Anaplasia:gundifferentiatedgcellsgwithgvariablegnuclearg&gcellgstructure.gNeoplas
m:gtumor.
CellgDamage
Ischemia:goxygengdeficitgduegtogrespiratorygorgcirculatorygproblems
.gHypoxia:greducedgoxygengingtissue.
OxygengDeficit:gdecreasedgenergygproduction,glossgofgNagpumpg↑gintracellulargNa.gTe
mperature:ginactivationgofgsomegenzymes,gdamagesgorganelles,gprotein coagulation,
disruptiongofgcellgmembrane.
Micro-organisms
AbnormalgMetabolites:gcausedgbyggeneticgdisordersgorgalteredgmetabolism.gNutri
tionalgDeficits
CellgDeath
Apoptosis:programmedgcellgdeathgcontrolledgbyggenetics
.gNecrosis:lysisgofgagcell,gcellgcomponentsgleakgintogblood
.
Liquification:deadgcellsgliquefygduegtogreleasegofgenzymes.gCoagulation:
cellgproteinsgaregalteredgorgdenaturedgcausinggcoagulation.
Caseous:formgofgcoagulationgnecrosis,gthick,gyellowish,gcheesy.
Fat:gfattygtissuegisgbrokengdowngintogfattygacids.
TissuegDamagegfromgChemicalsgExogeno
us:gfromgenvironment.gEndogenou
s:gfromginsidegthegbody,
TissuegDamagegfromgPhysicalgAgents
Hypothermia:gvasoconstriction,g↑gbloodgviscosity,ghypovolemicgshockg↓gbloodgpr
essure.
Hyperthermia:gcausesggeneralgvasodilatation,gdecreasegingcirculatinggbloo
dgvolume.
Radiation:gprimarilygaffectsgactivelygdividinggcell
sgBiologicalgAgents
Insects/Animals:gdirectginjectiongofgtoxin,gtransmissiongofginfectiousgagent,galler
gicgreactiongtoginsectgproteins.
FoodgPoisoning
gNormalgDefensesgofgthegBody
1stgLinegDefense
PhysicalgBarriers:gunbrokengskin,gmucousgmembranes,gnasalghair,gclots.gF
,NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
luids:gmaygcontaingenzymesgorgchemicals:saliva,gtears,ggastric,gsweat.
2ndgLinegDefense-non-specific
,NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
Phagocytosis:neutrophilsg&gmacrophagesgengulfgcells,gdebris,gforeigngmat.gInflammati
on:gautomaticgresponsegtogcellginjury.
3rdgLinegDefense-
specificgdefensegproducedgbygAntibodi
es
CellgMediatedgImmunity
gCellulargDefenses
MastgCells:glocatedgingtissueg&greleaseghistamineg&gbradykinin.gMa
crophages:gmonocytesgthatgentergtissueg&gactgasgphagocytes.
Interferons:gsmallgproteinsgmadegbyglymphocytesgtogpreventgvirusgreplication.gW
hitegBloodgCells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils:gworkgbygphagocytosis.
Basophils:greleaseghistaminegleadinggtoginflammation
.gEosinophils:combatgthegeffectsgofghistamine.
Agranulocytes
Monocytes:cangentergtissuegtogbecomegmacrophagesgwhic
hgfunctiongasgphagocyte.
Lymphocytes:gBg&gT
AcutegInflammation
VasculargResponse:gvasodilatationg&gincreasedgcapillarygpermeability.
CellulargResponse:gmigrationgofginflammatorygcellsgthroughgchemotaxisgtoginjurygsitegt
ogdestroygineffectivegorganism,gremovegdamagedgcells,greleasedginflammation mediators.
Exudate
Serous:gwatery,gmostlygfluids,gsomegproteinsgandgWBC’s
.gFibrinous:gthick,gsticky,ghighgfibringcontent.
Purulent:gthick,gyellow-
green,gcontainsgleukocytes,gcellgdebrisg&gmicroorganisms.gAbscess:gPocketgofgpurulentg
exudatesgorgpusgingagsolidgtissue.
LocalgEffectsgofgInflammation-
CardinalgSignsgofgInflammationgRednessg&gWarmth:gdu
egtogincreasedgbloodgflowgtogarea.gSwelling:gshiftgofgprot
eing&gfluidgintoginterstitialgspace.
Pain:gpressuregongfreegnervegendings,gchemicalgmediatorsgirritategnerve
s.gLossgofgFunction:gedemagmaygrestrictgmovement.
SystemicgEffectsgofgInflammation
MildgFever:gduegtogresettinggofghypothalamicgthermoregulatorygsetgpoint,grelease
of
gendogenousgpyrogens.
MalaisegF
atiguegHe
adachegA
norexia
TreatmentgofgInflammation:gdrugsgmaygdecreasegcapillarygpermeability,greducegnumbergofgleuk
ocytesg&gmastgcells.
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Final
g g g g g g g
Exam Review Study Guide (Latest 2020) Rasmussen
g g g g g g g
TypesgofgHealing
Resolution:gminimalgtissuegdamage,gcellsgcangrepairgthemselves
.gRegeneration:gdamagedgtissuegisgreplacedgbygidenticalgtissue.
Replacement:gfunctionalgtissuegreplacedgbygscargorgfibrousgtissue.
