EXS 455 Exercise And Aging
Test Study Guide
Acute vs Chronic - relationship to aging populations - ANSWER -in past, mostly dying
due to acute diseases (flu) because no vaccine
-now concerned with chronic disease (heart disease) because living longer
-since living longer, a new set of problems developed
-chronic disease
-lack of independence
-lack of mobility
these all really hurt quality of life and increase health care costs
Acute Disease - ANSWER -sudden and onset
-used to kill people, now are treatable
Chronic Disease - ANSWER -lasts 3 or more months
-no usually treated by medicine just managed by medicine
Continuum of Aging - ANSWER -heterogenous: not all older adults age the same
-frailty to elite older adults
frail elderly:
-poor physical & mental health
-low socioeconomic status
-predominately female
-possibly isolated living conditions
-more frequent & longer hospital stays
-more money spent on healthcare & drugs
elite elderly:
-independent
, -still doing marathons, etc.
Primary Aging - ANSWER -process or group of processes occurring in a living organism
that lead to loss of adaptability, functional impairment, & eventually death
-cannot do anything about
-biological processes
-"normal aging"
Secondary Aging - ANSWER -effects of environment & disease
-can be influenced/lifestyle changed to do something about
ex. smoking, nutrition, sedentary life, stress, air quality, sleep, etc.
Physiological Reserve-be familiar with figure and be able to apply to case study -
ANSWER -as age increases, our physiological reserve decreases which makes increase
demands on the person from the environment; not energy but the ability to perform the
task
-if nothing is done to keep physiological research up (exercise) we must move to other
environment that better suits abilities (assisted living or nursing home)
Theories of Aging:
Biological Theory - ANSWER -degenerative changes that occur at microscopic level of
analysis
-free radical oxidation - reduction in mixed function oxidase that neutralize free radicals
in healthy adults
-damage to DNA alterations in collagen & elastin, and progressive breakdown of
immune system
Theories of Aging:
Genetic Theory - ANSWER -age related changes can be attributed to genetic
mechanisms
-"death gene" - DNA mutations of the mitochondria build up causing aging
-hayflick limit - cells will divide and reproduce a limited number of times (cell
clock:telomere hypothesis)
-telomeres - only so many cell divisions, telomere ends get shorter and shorter
Theories of Aging:
Control Theory - ANSWER -function of specific physiological systems vital for controlling
, bodies' ability to respond to stressors become more impaired
-systems may age at different rates
-ex. *immune system*, nervous system, endocrine system
Theories of Aging:
Autoimmunity Theory - ANSWER -the body loses its ability to distinguish between
foreign agents/antigens and normal body cells
-immune system becomes self-destructive and reacts against itself
Compression of Morbidity - ANSWER -focus of increasing years of health rather than
lengthening life
-(functional life)
-goal of cognitive intervention - compress cognitive morbidity into shorter time
-our goal = compress physical morbidity into shorter time
Mortality - ANSWER death
Changes in Height with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -little change until around 40
years of age
-males - loss of about 4% seen by age 70
-females - loss of about 3% seen by age 70
-probably due to vertebral compression, changes in height/shape of discs, loss of
muscle tone, postural slump
Changes in Weight with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -healthy weight replaces
ideal weight; lowest mortality/morbidity
-males - increase until 55 then slow decline
-females - average body weight increases until 40-50 & stabilizes until 70
-why?
- loss of lean muscle mass
selective survival : less body weight due to more fit healthy lifestyle; have to be alive to
measure (unhealthy => heavier => morbidity => mortality)
Changes in Body Composition with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -fat mass vs fat
free mass
-fat deposition different for men vs women (subcutaneous vs intrabdominal)
Test Study Guide
Acute vs Chronic - relationship to aging populations - ANSWER -in past, mostly dying
due to acute diseases (flu) because no vaccine
-now concerned with chronic disease (heart disease) because living longer
-since living longer, a new set of problems developed
-chronic disease
-lack of independence
-lack of mobility
these all really hurt quality of life and increase health care costs
Acute Disease - ANSWER -sudden and onset
-used to kill people, now are treatable
Chronic Disease - ANSWER -lasts 3 or more months
-no usually treated by medicine just managed by medicine
Continuum of Aging - ANSWER -heterogenous: not all older adults age the same
-frailty to elite older adults
frail elderly:
-poor physical & mental health
-low socioeconomic status
-predominately female
-possibly isolated living conditions
-more frequent & longer hospital stays
-more money spent on healthcare & drugs
elite elderly:
-independent
, -still doing marathons, etc.
Primary Aging - ANSWER -process or group of processes occurring in a living organism
that lead to loss of adaptability, functional impairment, & eventually death
-cannot do anything about
-biological processes
-"normal aging"
Secondary Aging - ANSWER -effects of environment & disease
-can be influenced/lifestyle changed to do something about
ex. smoking, nutrition, sedentary life, stress, air quality, sleep, etc.
Physiological Reserve-be familiar with figure and be able to apply to case study -
ANSWER -as age increases, our physiological reserve decreases which makes increase
demands on the person from the environment; not energy but the ability to perform the
task
-if nothing is done to keep physiological research up (exercise) we must move to other
environment that better suits abilities (assisted living or nursing home)
Theories of Aging:
Biological Theory - ANSWER -degenerative changes that occur at microscopic level of
analysis
-free radical oxidation - reduction in mixed function oxidase that neutralize free radicals
in healthy adults
-damage to DNA alterations in collagen & elastin, and progressive breakdown of
immune system
Theories of Aging:
Genetic Theory - ANSWER -age related changes can be attributed to genetic
mechanisms
-"death gene" - DNA mutations of the mitochondria build up causing aging
-hayflick limit - cells will divide and reproduce a limited number of times (cell
clock:telomere hypothesis)
-telomeres - only so many cell divisions, telomere ends get shorter and shorter
Theories of Aging:
Control Theory - ANSWER -function of specific physiological systems vital for controlling
, bodies' ability to respond to stressors become more impaired
-systems may age at different rates
-ex. *immune system*, nervous system, endocrine system
Theories of Aging:
Autoimmunity Theory - ANSWER -the body loses its ability to distinguish between
foreign agents/antigens and normal body cells
-immune system becomes self-destructive and reacts against itself
Compression of Morbidity - ANSWER -focus of increasing years of health rather than
lengthening life
-(functional life)
-goal of cognitive intervention - compress cognitive morbidity into shorter time
-our goal = compress physical morbidity into shorter time
Mortality - ANSWER death
Changes in Height with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -little change until around 40
years of age
-males - loss of about 4% seen by age 70
-females - loss of about 3% seen by age 70
-probably due to vertebral compression, changes in height/shape of discs, loss of
muscle tone, postural slump
Changes in Weight with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -healthy weight replaces
ideal weight; lowest mortality/morbidity
-males - increase until 55 then slow decline
-females - average body weight increases until 40-50 & stabilizes until 70
-why?
- loss of lean muscle mass
selective survival : less body weight due to more fit healthy lifestyle; have to be alive to
measure (unhealthy => heavier => morbidity => mortality)
Changes in Body Composition with Aging (sex differences) - ANSWER -fat mass vs fat
free mass
-fat deposition different for men vs women (subcutaneous vs intrabdominal)
