Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Chapter 4 Test Questions with Correct Answers Fully Solved

Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Chapter 4 Test Questions with Correct Answers Fully Solved Deme - Answers a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring gene pool - Answers all the genetic information in the breeding population reproduction isolation - Answers Any circumstances that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material, such as when two populations are separated by a large body of water or a major mountain range. Microevolution - Answers small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next Macroevolution - Answers Large scale evolution changes that take place over hundreds or thousands of generations such as a speciation so event. Equilibrium - Answers A condition which the system is stable,balanced and unchanging. Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium - Answers A mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes. Point mutation - Answers Replacements of a single nitrogen base with another base, which may or may not affect the amino acids for which the triplet codes Synonymous point mutation - Answers a neutral point mutation in which the substituted nitrogen base creates a triplet coded to produce the same amino acid as that of the original triplet Nonsynonymous mutation - Answers a point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a different amino acid from that of the original triplet Frameshift mutation - Answers the change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the codons to be read incorrectly during translation Transposable elements - Answers mobile pieces of DNA that can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes Klinefelter's Syndrome - Answers a chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome resulting in an XXY condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility spontaneous mutations - Answers random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without a known cause Induced mutation - Answers Mutations in DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation. Mutagens - Answers substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation, that may induce genetic mutations Fitness - Answers average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype Directional selection - Answers selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction Stabilizing selection - Answers selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the population Disruptive selection - Answers selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event