Science Class 7th
Summary of All Chapters
1. Nutrition in Plants
Key Concepts:
o Photosynthesis: The process by which plants make
their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide.
o Parts involved: Leaves contain chlorophyll, which
captures sunlight; roots absorb water; and the stem
transports water and nutrients.
o Modes of nutrition:
Autotrophic nutrition: Plants make their own
food (photosynthesis).
Heterotrophic nutrition: Some plants, like
carnivorous plants, depend on animals for
nutrition.
o Respiration in plants: Plants also respire and take in
oxygen while releasing carbon dioxide at night.
2. Nutrition in Animals
Key Points:
o Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they depend on
others for food.
o Modes of nutrition: herbivores, carnivores,
omnivores, and decomposers.
o The process of digestion starts in the mouth,
continues in the stomach, and ends in the small
intestine.
, o Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation,
and egestion are the five stages of nutrition.
o Ruminants (like cows) have special digestive systems
to break down cellulose in plants.
3. Heat
Key Points:
o Heat is a form of energy, measured in Joules.
o Temperature is a measure of the warmth or coldness
of an object.
o Thermometers measure temperature.
o Heat always flows from hotter objects to cooler
ones.
o Conduction, convection, and radiation are three
methods of heat transfer.
4. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Key Points:
o Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺)
in water. Examples: Vinegar, lemon juice.
o Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions
(OH⁻). Examples: soap, lime.
o Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base.
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride).
o The pH scale (0-14) measures the acidity or basicity of
a solution. pH < 7 = acidic, pH = 7 = neutral, pH > 7 =
basic.
Summary of All Chapters
1. Nutrition in Plants
Key Concepts:
o Photosynthesis: The process by which plants make
their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide.
o Parts involved: Leaves contain chlorophyll, which
captures sunlight; roots absorb water; and the stem
transports water and nutrients.
o Modes of nutrition:
Autotrophic nutrition: Plants make their own
food (photosynthesis).
Heterotrophic nutrition: Some plants, like
carnivorous plants, depend on animals for
nutrition.
o Respiration in plants: Plants also respire and take in
oxygen while releasing carbon dioxide at night.
2. Nutrition in Animals
Key Points:
o Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they depend on
others for food.
o Modes of nutrition: herbivores, carnivores,
omnivores, and decomposers.
o The process of digestion starts in the mouth,
continues in the stomach, and ends in the small
intestine.
, o Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation,
and egestion are the five stages of nutrition.
o Ruminants (like cows) have special digestive systems
to break down cellulose in plants.
3. Heat
Key Points:
o Heat is a form of energy, measured in Joules.
o Temperature is a measure of the warmth or coldness
of an object.
o Thermometers measure temperature.
o Heat always flows from hotter objects to cooler
ones.
o Conduction, convection, and radiation are three
methods of heat transfer.
4. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Key Points:
o Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺)
in water. Examples: Vinegar, lemon juice.
o Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions
(OH⁻). Examples: soap, lime.
o Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base.
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride).
o The pH scale (0-14) measures the acidity or basicity of
a solution. pH < 7 = acidic, pH = 7 = neutral, pH > 7 =
basic.
