UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADV PATHO EXAM SCRIPT
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔mediated transport - ✔✔simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one
direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two
different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
✔✔passive mediated transport - ✔✔"facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through
membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient
✔✔active mediated transport - ✔✔"active transport;" Requires the expenditure of
metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major
cellular energy currency
✔✔Endocytosis - ✔✔a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from
outside the cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the plasma membrane,
forming a vesicle that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the
vesicles
✔✔Pinocytosis - ✔✔"Cell drinking;" A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of
fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles
✔✔Phagocytosis - ✔✔"Cell eating;" a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of
large particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles)
✔✔Exocytosis - ✔✔secretion of macromolecules; helps replace portions of the plasma
membrane; also releases molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular
matrix
✔✔3 ways cells communicate - ✔✔endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic
signaling
✔✔endocrine signaling - ✔✔remote signaling by secretion molecules (hormones) in the
blood to remote cells
✔✔paracrine signaling - ✔✔secretion of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken
up and immobilized; contact signaling by plasma membrane bound molecules
✔✔synaptic signaling - ✔✔secretion of neurotransmitters @ specialized junctions called
chemical synapse; contact signaling via gap junctions
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔the 2nd phase of cellular energy production following digestion; in
this phase, a glucose molecule is split forming 2 molecules of ATP through the process
of oxidation; in anaerobic conditions, this process provides energy for the cell
, ✔✔oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔process by which energy is transferred into ATP
✔✔movement of electrical impulses - ✔✔membrane potentials
✔✔the different in electrical charge - ✔✔resting membrane potential
✔✔active potential - ✔✔a rapid change in the resting membrane potential; carries
signals and conveys info from one cell to another
✔✔threshold potential - ✔✔a place where depolarization occurs and the action potential
begins (depolarization of 15-20 millivolts)
✔✔What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - ✔✔hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
✔✔What is the most common cause of hypoxia? - ✔✔ischemia (reduced blood supply)
✔✔chemical injury to cells - ✔✔begins w/ a biochemical interaction between a toxic
substance and the cell's plasma membrane (which is ultimately damaged)-->leading to
increased permeability
✔✔examples of chemical injury - ✔✔carbon tetrachloride (CC14) converts into a free
radical; chemical poisoning including lead, carbon monoxide, and ethanol
✔✔Physical Injury of Cell - ✔✔direct trauma from external force; inflammatory response
✔✔ionizing radiation - ✔✔x-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta rays, and sunlight lead to
damaged DNA; cells that rapidly divide are most sensitive; example cells are fetus,
germ cells, tumor cells, GI mucosa and bone; effects may be immediate or delayed
depending on dose and duration of exposure
✔✔Hypothermic injury - ✔✔frostbite; initial vasoconstriction w/ paralysis of vasomotor
control leading to vasodilation-->increased membrane permeability-->cellular swelling--
>increased blood viscosity-->ischemic injury; thrombosis can also occur leading to
gangrene
✔✔Hyperthermic injury - ✔✔burn; tissues destroyed; injury depends upon extent of
injury and how many skin layers are involved
✔✔partial thickness injuries - ✔✔capillary dilation and increased loss of protein-rich fluid
(redness, swelling, and blistering)
✔✔full thickness injuries - ✔✔extensive loss of fluid and plasma proteins; cellular
regeneration is not possible so grafting is needed to protect and heal
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔mediated transport - ✔✔simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one
direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two
different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
✔✔passive mediated transport - ✔✔"facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through
membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient
✔✔active mediated transport - ✔✔"active transport;" Requires the expenditure of
metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major
cellular energy currency
✔✔Endocytosis - ✔✔a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from
outside the cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the plasma membrane,
forming a vesicle that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the
vesicles
✔✔Pinocytosis - ✔✔"Cell drinking;" A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of
fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles
✔✔Phagocytosis - ✔✔"Cell eating;" a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of
large particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles)
✔✔Exocytosis - ✔✔secretion of macromolecules; helps replace portions of the plasma
membrane; also releases molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular
matrix
✔✔3 ways cells communicate - ✔✔endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic
signaling
✔✔endocrine signaling - ✔✔remote signaling by secretion molecules (hormones) in the
blood to remote cells
✔✔paracrine signaling - ✔✔secretion of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken
up and immobilized; contact signaling by plasma membrane bound molecules
✔✔synaptic signaling - ✔✔secretion of neurotransmitters @ specialized junctions called
chemical synapse; contact signaling via gap junctions
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔the 2nd phase of cellular energy production following digestion; in
this phase, a glucose molecule is split forming 2 molecules of ATP through the process
of oxidation; in anaerobic conditions, this process provides energy for the cell
, ✔✔oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔process by which energy is transferred into ATP
✔✔movement of electrical impulses - ✔✔membrane potentials
✔✔the different in electrical charge - ✔✔resting membrane potential
✔✔active potential - ✔✔a rapid change in the resting membrane potential; carries
signals and conveys info from one cell to another
✔✔threshold potential - ✔✔a place where depolarization occurs and the action potential
begins (depolarization of 15-20 millivolts)
✔✔What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - ✔✔hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
✔✔What is the most common cause of hypoxia? - ✔✔ischemia (reduced blood supply)
✔✔chemical injury to cells - ✔✔begins w/ a biochemical interaction between a toxic
substance and the cell's plasma membrane (which is ultimately damaged)-->leading to
increased permeability
✔✔examples of chemical injury - ✔✔carbon tetrachloride (CC14) converts into a free
radical; chemical poisoning including lead, carbon monoxide, and ethanol
✔✔Physical Injury of Cell - ✔✔direct trauma from external force; inflammatory response
✔✔ionizing radiation - ✔✔x-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta rays, and sunlight lead to
damaged DNA; cells that rapidly divide are most sensitive; example cells are fetus,
germ cells, tumor cells, GI mucosa and bone; effects may be immediate or delayed
depending on dose and duration of exposure
✔✔Hypothermic injury - ✔✔frostbite; initial vasoconstriction w/ paralysis of vasomotor
control leading to vasodilation-->increased membrane permeability-->cellular swelling--
>increased blood viscosity-->ischemic injury; thrombosis can also occur leading to
gangrene
✔✔Hyperthermic injury - ✔✔burn; tissues destroyed; injury depends upon extent of
injury and how many skin layers are involved
✔✔partial thickness injuries - ✔✔capillary dilation and increased loss of protein-rich fluid
(redness, swelling, and blistering)
✔✔full thickness injuries - ✔✔extensive loss of fluid and plasma proteins; cellular
regeneration is not possible so grafting is needed to protect and heal
