NURS 172 - FINAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE
Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) continuous infusion of a sterile solution into the bladder,
usually by using three-way irrigation closed system with a triple-lumen catheter. One lumen is
used to drain urine; another is used to inflate the catheter balloon, and the final lumen carries
the irrigation solution. Primarily used following genitourinary surgery to keep the bladder clear
and free of blood clots or sediment. ANYTHING RED COULD INDICATE CLOT. Need to flush
catheter for clots. Maintain patency
*treatment for BPH
renal labs - serum creatinine (0.5-1.2): end product of protein and muscle breakdown; only
renal dysfunction causes increased creatinine
- blood urea nitrogen (8-12): by-product of protein metabolism from liver (increased = renal
dysfunction)
- BUN/ Creatinine ratio (10:1-20:1): can be used to determine if increased BUN is renal.
(increased = hypovolemia or hypotension; decreased = excess fluid volume); if both levels are
increase with same ratio = renal dysfunction
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) genetic disease with cysts on kidneys; may need dialysis;
only effects kidneys
,pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis; usually cause of multiple pre-
existing UTIs
symptoms: fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, back/flank pain, enlargement of kidneys (on
palpation), s/s of UTI
treatment: antibiotics, increase fluids, pain management
glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; caused by autoimmune
disorders, vasculitis infection; can be acute or chronic
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) causes:
- pre-renal (external factors): hypovolemia, shock, sepsis, hemorrhage; kidneys arent getting
enough blood and oxygen = ischemia
- renal (direct damage): nephrotoxins, infection, necrosis; direct damage that causes
inflammation
- post-renal (obstruction): obstruction, prostate, stricture; sudden obstruction backs up urine to
kidneys
phases:
- initiating: initial insult; s/s in hours/days
- oliguria: fixed S.G.; BUN/Crt increased; acid-base balance disturbed
- diuresis: lasts 1-3 weeks; up to 5L/day; monitor I+O/hydrate
,- recovery: up to 1 year; 80%
meds: lasix, bumex, mannitol
teaching: diet (low sodium, protein, phosphorus, potassium), monitor I+O, daily weight
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function
most common causes = DM and HTN
clinical manifestations:
HTN, HF, pulmonary edema (r/t Na+/fluid balance); altered potassium excretion (lethal
arrhythmias); nausea, vomiting, anorexia, neurological symptoms (r/t impaired waste
elimination); bone breakdown/development (r/t Ca+ and phos); metabolic acidosis (r/t acid
clearance and bicarb production); infertility, amenorrhea, hyperparathyroidism, thyroid
abnormalities, chronic anemia
diagnosis: elevated Cr and decreased Cr clearance (both impacted by GFR), protein/albumin in
urine, uremia, renal ultrasound
treatment: dialysis, support remaining kidney fx, prevent complications
, hemodialysis (HD) procedure for removing impurities from the blood because of an inability
of the kidneys to do so.
vascular access: graft (animal or synthetic); fistula (connect artery to vein)
FEEL the THRILL, HEAR the BRUIT
Urolithiasis stones in the urinary tract (microscopic); dehydration contributes
symptoms: severe pain, hematuria
treatment: 50% pass stone 5mm or less; >10mm = surgery (Ureteroscopy, Percutaneous
Nephrolithotomy, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy); pain management
complications: pyelonephritis, urosepsis, irreversible kidney damage
teaching: low sodium diet, hydrate, increase citrate, avoid oxalate, strain urine
rapid-acting insulin Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
onset: 15-30 mins
peak: 30-90 mins
GRADED A+ | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE
Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) continuous infusion of a sterile solution into the bladder,
usually by using three-way irrigation closed system with a triple-lumen catheter. One lumen is
used to drain urine; another is used to inflate the catheter balloon, and the final lumen carries
the irrigation solution. Primarily used following genitourinary surgery to keep the bladder clear
and free of blood clots or sediment. ANYTHING RED COULD INDICATE CLOT. Need to flush
catheter for clots. Maintain patency
*treatment for BPH
renal labs - serum creatinine (0.5-1.2): end product of protein and muscle breakdown; only
renal dysfunction causes increased creatinine
- blood urea nitrogen (8-12): by-product of protein metabolism from liver (increased = renal
dysfunction)
- BUN/ Creatinine ratio (10:1-20:1): can be used to determine if increased BUN is renal.
(increased = hypovolemia or hypotension; decreased = excess fluid volume); if both levels are
increase with same ratio = renal dysfunction
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) genetic disease with cysts on kidneys; may need dialysis;
only effects kidneys
,pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis; usually cause of multiple pre-
existing UTIs
symptoms: fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, back/flank pain, enlargement of kidneys (on
palpation), s/s of UTI
treatment: antibiotics, increase fluids, pain management
glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; caused by autoimmune
disorders, vasculitis infection; can be acute or chronic
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) causes:
- pre-renal (external factors): hypovolemia, shock, sepsis, hemorrhage; kidneys arent getting
enough blood and oxygen = ischemia
- renal (direct damage): nephrotoxins, infection, necrosis; direct damage that causes
inflammation
- post-renal (obstruction): obstruction, prostate, stricture; sudden obstruction backs up urine to
kidneys
phases:
- initiating: initial insult; s/s in hours/days
- oliguria: fixed S.G.; BUN/Crt increased; acid-base balance disturbed
- diuresis: lasts 1-3 weeks; up to 5L/day; monitor I+O/hydrate
,- recovery: up to 1 year; 80%
meds: lasix, bumex, mannitol
teaching: diet (low sodium, protein, phosphorus, potassium), monitor I+O, daily weight
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function
most common causes = DM and HTN
clinical manifestations:
HTN, HF, pulmonary edema (r/t Na+/fluid balance); altered potassium excretion (lethal
arrhythmias); nausea, vomiting, anorexia, neurological symptoms (r/t impaired waste
elimination); bone breakdown/development (r/t Ca+ and phos); metabolic acidosis (r/t acid
clearance and bicarb production); infertility, amenorrhea, hyperparathyroidism, thyroid
abnormalities, chronic anemia
diagnosis: elevated Cr and decreased Cr clearance (both impacted by GFR), protein/albumin in
urine, uremia, renal ultrasound
treatment: dialysis, support remaining kidney fx, prevent complications
, hemodialysis (HD) procedure for removing impurities from the blood because of an inability
of the kidneys to do so.
vascular access: graft (animal or synthetic); fistula (connect artery to vein)
FEEL the THRILL, HEAR the BRUIT
Urolithiasis stones in the urinary tract (microscopic); dehydration contributes
symptoms: severe pain, hematuria
treatment: 50% pass stone 5mm or less; >10mm = surgery (Ureteroscopy, Percutaneous
Nephrolithotomy, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy); pain management
complications: pyelonephritis, urosepsis, irreversible kidney damage
teaching: low sodium diet, hydrate, increase citrate, avoid oxalate, strain urine
rapid-acting insulin Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
onset: 15-30 mins
peak: 30-90 mins
