LECTURE EXAM IV STUDY GUIDE Part 3
- Immune System
- Identify the various pathogens your body can encounter.
o
- Differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity.
o Types of Immunity
Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity
Inherited and built in (not acquired over time)
First line of defense against pathogens
Acts nonspecifically
o Acts on all viruses and bacteria
Divided into external and internal defenses
Adaptive (Specific) Immunity
Acts on specific pathogens
Develops over time due to prior exposure to pathogens (vaccinations)
o Inject different pathogens into body
Eliciting an immune response without getting sick
- Identify and describe all nonspecific external defenses.
o Innate Immunity | External Defenses
Physical Barriers and Secretions
1. Skin
o Barrier & lysozyme activity
2. Digestive system
o Mucus membranes, acidity of stomach, intestinal microbiota
Help prevent the tunics of the GI tract from being
invaded
3. Respiratory system
o Mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophages
4. Genitourinary tract
o Mucus membranes, acidity of urine, vaginal lactic acid
Above mechanisms prevent pathogens from entering underlying connective
tissues and fluids
- Identify and describe all nonspecific internal defenses.
o Innate Immunity | Internal Defenses
Phagocytes
Ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured proteins, and
toxins by phagocytosis (cellular eating and digested by lysosomes)
Microbes display PAMPS
Phagocytes have pathogen recognition receptors (receipt PAMPS)
, Also participates in adaptive immunity
Type of Phagocytes
o Neutrophils (found in blood plasma and tissues)
First responders
o Mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes (found in blood)
Macrophages (found in all types of tissues)
Dendritic cells (found in CT)
o Organ-specific phagocytes
Some are fixed phagocytes (stay within organs)
Complement System
A group or series of proteins that form can from on a
pathogen/bacterium and form a membrane attack complex to cause
cellular lysis
o Proteins form a hole in the bacterium
Causing water to move into the bacterium and cause it
to “pop” (cellular lysis)
Also participates in adaptive Immunity
Fever
During infection, leukocytes (white blood cells) secrete endogenous
pyrogens that act on hypothalamus
o Sets body temperature higher
Induces sleepiness
Plasma [iron] falls to limit bacteria activity
o Bacteria love iron
Increased heat production from metabolism of brown adipose tissue
and vasoconstriction
, Increases levels of interferons (reduce the activity of virus) and activity
of Neutrophils
Interferons
Polypeptides produced and secreted by infected cells that prevent
infection of neighboring cells
o Polypeptides inhibit viral replication and assembly
o Interferons
During this entire process, our cell is producing
interferons (proteins).
They are like signaling molecules that tell the
cells around them that they have been infected
And if they do get infected, to inhibit the
replication of these viruses
Inhibit the replication of viruses from nearby cells
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Destroy cells infected with viruses, cancerous cells, and mismatched
transplanted tissue cells
o NK cells
Secrete granzymes and perforin (proteins)
Perforin
o Create holes in target cells
Causing lysis of target cells
Granzymes
o Enzymes that can enter the target cell
and breakdown the DNA
Cell undergoes Apoptosis
(program cell death)
Mast cells
Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation
o Allows for
Vasodilation
(increase blood flow to specific area) and
Extravasation
(epithelial cells at the walls of blood vessels
contract and shrink allowing for different WBC
to enter through the cracks of the Epithelial
cells)
o Also participates in adaptive immunity
- Differentiate antigens from antibodies in terms of molecular composition, function, and location.
o What occurs when they interact in the body?
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens vs Antibodies
o Antigens
- Immune System
- Identify the various pathogens your body can encounter.
o
- Differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity.
o Types of Immunity
Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity
Inherited and built in (not acquired over time)
First line of defense against pathogens
Acts nonspecifically
o Acts on all viruses and bacteria
Divided into external and internal defenses
Adaptive (Specific) Immunity
Acts on specific pathogens
Develops over time due to prior exposure to pathogens (vaccinations)
o Inject different pathogens into body
Eliciting an immune response without getting sick
- Identify and describe all nonspecific external defenses.
o Innate Immunity | External Defenses
Physical Barriers and Secretions
1. Skin
o Barrier & lysozyme activity
2. Digestive system
o Mucus membranes, acidity of stomach, intestinal microbiota
Help prevent the tunics of the GI tract from being
invaded
3. Respiratory system
o Mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophages
4. Genitourinary tract
o Mucus membranes, acidity of urine, vaginal lactic acid
Above mechanisms prevent pathogens from entering underlying connective
tissues and fluids
- Identify and describe all nonspecific internal defenses.
o Innate Immunity | Internal Defenses
Phagocytes
Ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured proteins, and
toxins by phagocytosis (cellular eating and digested by lysosomes)
Microbes display PAMPS
Phagocytes have pathogen recognition receptors (receipt PAMPS)
, Also participates in adaptive immunity
Type of Phagocytes
o Neutrophils (found in blood plasma and tissues)
First responders
o Mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes (found in blood)
Macrophages (found in all types of tissues)
Dendritic cells (found in CT)
o Organ-specific phagocytes
Some are fixed phagocytes (stay within organs)
Complement System
A group or series of proteins that form can from on a
pathogen/bacterium and form a membrane attack complex to cause
cellular lysis
o Proteins form a hole in the bacterium
Causing water to move into the bacterium and cause it
to “pop” (cellular lysis)
Also participates in adaptive Immunity
Fever
During infection, leukocytes (white blood cells) secrete endogenous
pyrogens that act on hypothalamus
o Sets body temperature higher
Induces sleepiness
Plasma [iron] falls to limit bacteria activity
o Bacteria love iron
Increased heat production from metabolism of brown adipose tissue
and vasoconstriction
, Increases levels of interferons (reduce the activity of virus) and activity
of Neutrophils
Interferons
Polypeptides produced and secreted by infected cells that prevent
infection of neighboring cells
o Polypeptides inhibit viral replication and assembly
o Interferons
During this entire process, our cell is producing
interferons (proteins).
They are like signaling molecules that tell the
cells around them that they have been infected
And if they do get infected, to inhibit the
replication of these viruses
Inhibit the replication of viruses from nearby cells
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Destroy cells infected with viruses, cancerous cells, and mismatched
transplanted tissue cells
o NK cells
Secrete granzymes and perforin (proteins)
Perforin
o Create holes in target cells
Causing lysis of target cells
Granzymes
o Enzymes that can enter the target cell
and breakdown the DNA
Cell undergoes Apoptosis
(program cell death)
Mast cells
Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation
o Allows for
Vasodilation
(increase blood flow to specific area) and
Extravasation
(epithelial cells at the walls of blood vessels
contract and shrink allowing for different WBC
to enter through the cracks of the Epithelial
cells)
o Also participates in adaptive immunity
- Differentiate antigens from antibodies in terms of molecular composition, function, and location.
o What occurs when they interact in the body?
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens vs Antibodies
o Antigens
