WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective As
g g g g
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
g g g g g g
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
g g g
WhatgisgStarling'sgLawgofgCapillarygforces?
Howgdoesgthisgexplaingwhygagnutritionallygdeficientgchildgwouldghavegedema?
-
gDDStarling'sgLawgdescribesghowgfluidsgmovegacrossgthegcapillarygmembrane.gTheregaregtwogmajorgo
pposinggforcesgthatgactgtogbalancegeachgother,ghydrostaticgpressureg(pushinggwatergoutgofgthegcapill
aries)gandgosmoticgpressureg(includinggonconticgpressure,gwhichgpushesgfluidgintogthegcapillaries).
Bothgelectrolytesgandgproteinsg(onconticgpressure)gingthegbloodgaffectgosmoticgpressure,ghi
ghgelectrolytegandgproteingconcentrationsgingthegbloodgwouldgcausegwatergtogleavegthegcell
sgandginterstitialgspacegandgentergthegbloodgstreamgtogdilutegtheghighgconcentrations.
On,gthegotherghand,glowgelectrolytegandgproteingconcentrationsg(asgseengingagnutritionallygdeficientg
child)gwouldgcausegwatergtogleavegthegcapillariesgandgentergthegcellsgandginterstitialgfluidgwhichgcangle
adgtogedema.
HowgdoesgthegRAASg(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronegSystem)gresultgingincreasedgbloodgvolumegandgincreasedgbloodgpressure?
,WGUgD236gpathophysiologygOAgExamgStudygGuideg2023gQuestionsgandgAnswers
-
gDDAgdropgingbloodgpressuregisgsensedgbygthegkidneysgbyglowgperfusion,gwhichgingturngbeginsgtogsecr
etegrenin.
Reningthengtriggersgtheglivergtogproducegangiotensinogen,gwhichgisgconvertedgtogAngiotensingIgingthegl
ungsgandgthengangiotensingIIgbygthegenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertinggenzymeg(ACE).gAngiotensingIIgstimulatesgperipheralgarterialgvasoconstrictiongwhichgrais
esgBP.
AngiotensingIIgisgalsogstimulatinggthegadrenalgglandgtogreleasegaldosterone,gwhichgactsgtogincreasegs
odiumgandgwatergreabsorptiongincreasinggbloodgvolume,gwhilegalsogincreasedgpotassiumgsecretiongin
gurine.
Howgcanghyperkalemiagleadgtogcardiacgarrest?
-
gDDNormalglevelsgofgpotassiumgaregbetweeng3.5gandg5.2gmEq/dL.gHyperkalemiagrefersgtopotassiumgl
evelsghighergthatg5.2gmEq/dL.
Agmajorgfunctiongofgpotassiumgisgtogconductgnervegimpulsesgingmuscles.gTooglowgandgmusclegweakne
,ssgoccursgandgtoogmuchgcangcausegmusclegspasms.
, WGUgD236gpathophysiologygOAgExamgStudygGuideg2023gQuestionsgandgAnswers
Thisgisgespeciallygdangerousgingthegheartgmusclegandgangirregulargheartbeatgcangcausegagheartgattack
ThegbodygusesgthegProteingBufferinggSystem,gPhosphategBufferinggSystem,gandgCarbonicgAcid-
gBicarbonategSystemgtogregulategandgmaintainghomeostaticgpH,gwhatgisgthegconsequencegofgagpHgimb
alance
- DDProteinsgcontaingmanygacidicgandgbasicggroupgthatgcangbegaffectedgbygpHgchanges.gAnygincrease
gorgdecreasegingbloodgpHgcangaltergthegstructuregofgthegproteing(denature),gtherebygaffectinggitsgfunc
tiongasgwell
Describegtheglaboratorygfindingsgassociatedgwithgmetabolicgacidosis,gmetabolicgalkalosis,grespiratoryga
cidosisgandgrespiratorygalkalosis.g(iegrelativegpHgandgCO2glevels).
- DDNormalgABGsg(ArterialgBloodgGases)gBloodgpH:g7.35-7.45gPCO2:g35-45gmmgHggPO2:g90-
100gmmgHggHCO3-:g22-26gmEq/LgSaO2:g95-100%
RespiratorygacidosisgandgalkalosisgaregmarkedgbygchangesgingPCO2.gHigherg=gacidosisgandglowerg=galka
losis
MetabolicgacidosisgandgalkalosisgaregcausedgbygsomethinggothergthangabnormalgCO2glevels.gThisgcouldginc
ludegtoxicity,gdiabetes,grenalgfailuregorgexcessivegGIglosses.
g g g g
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
g g g g g g
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
g g g
WhatgisgStarling'sgLawgofgCapillarygforces?
Howgdoesgthisgexplaingwhygagnutritionallygdeficientgchildgwouldghavegedema?
-
gDDStarling'sgLawgdescribesghowgfluidsgmovegacrossgthegcapillarygmembrane.gTheregaregtwogmajorgo
pposinggforcesgthatgactgtogbalancegeachgother,ghydrostaticgpressureg(pushinggwatergoutgofgthegcapill
aries)gandgosmoticgpressureg(includinggonconticgpressure,gwhichgpushesgfluidgintogthegcapillaries).
Bothgelectrolytesgandgproteinsg(onconticgpressure)gingthegbloodgaffectgosmoticgpressure,ghi
ghgelectrolytegandgproteingconcentrationsgingthegbloodgwouldgcausegwatergtogleavegthegcell
sgandginterstitialgspacegandgentergthegbloodgstreamgtogdilutegtheghighgconcentrations.
On,gthegotherghand,glowgelectrolytegandgproteingconcentrationsg(asgseengingagnutritionallygdeficientg
child)gwouldgcausegwatergtogleavegthegcapillariesgandgentergthegcellsgandginterstitialgfluidgwhichgcangle
adgtogedema.
HowgdoesgthegRAASg(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronegSystem)gresultgingincreasedgbloodgvolumegandgincreasedgbloodgpressure?
,WGUgD236gpathophysiologygOAgExamgStudygGuideg2023gQuestionsgandgAnswers
-
gDDAgdropgingbloodgpressuregisgsensedgbygthegkidneysgbyglowgperfusion,gwhichgingturngbeginsgtogsecr
etegrenin.
Reningthengtriggersgtheglivergtogproducegangiotensinogen,gwhichgisgconvertedgtogAngiotensingIgingthegl
ungsgandgthengangiotensingIIgbygthegenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertinggenzymeg(ACE).gAngiotensingIIgstimulatesgperipheralgarterialgvasoconstrictiongwhichgrais
esgBP.
AngiotensingIIgisgalsogstimulatinggthegadrenalgglandgtogreleasegaldosterone,gwhichgactsgtogincreasegs
odiumgandgwatergreabsorptiongincreasinggbloodgvolume,gwhilegalsogincreasedgpotassiumgsecretiongin
gurine.
Howgcanghyperkalemiagleadgtogcardiacgarrest?
-
gDDNormalglevelsgofgpotassiumgaregbetweeng3.5gandg5.2gmEq/dL.gHyperkalemiagrefersgtopotassiumgl
evelsghighergthatg5.2gmEq/dL.
Agmajorgfunctiongofgpotassiumgisgtogconductgnervegimpulsesgingmuscles.gTooglowgandgmusclegweakne
,ssgoccursgandgtoogmuchgcangcausegmusclegspasms.
, WGUgD236gpathophysiologygOAgExamgStudygGuideg2023gQuestionsgandgAnswers
Thisgisgespeciallygdangerousgingthegheartgmusclegandgangirregulargheartbeatgcangcausegagheartgattack
ThegbodygusesgthegProteingBufferinggSystem,gPhosphategBufferinggSystem,gandgCarbonicgAcid-
gBicarbonategSystemgtogregulategandgmaintainghomeostaticgpH,gwhatgisgthegconsequencegofgagpHgimb
alance
- DDProteinsgcontaingmanygacidicgandgbasicggroupgthatgcangbegaffectedgbygpHgchanges.gAnygincrease
gorgdecreasegingbloodgpHgcangaltergthegstructuregofgthegproteing(denature),gtherebygaffectinggitsgfunc
tiongasgwell
Describegtheglaboratorygfindingsgassociatedgwithgmetabolicgacidosis,gmetabolicgalkalosis,grespiratoryga
cidosisgandgrespiratorygalkalosis.g(iegrelativegpHgandgCO2glevels).
- DDNormalgABGsg(ArterialgBloodgGases)gBloodgpH:g7.35-7.45gPCO2:g35-45gmmgHggPO2:g90-
100gmmgHggHCO3-:g22-26gmEq/LgSaO2:g95-100%
RespiratorygacidosisgandgalkalosisgaregmarkedgbygchangesgingPCO2.gHigherg=gacidosisgandglowerg=galka
losis
MetabolicgacidosisgandgalkalosisgaregcausedgbygsomethinggothergthangabnormalgCO2glevels.gThisgcouldginc
ludegtoxicity,gdiabetes,grenalgfailuregorgexcessivegGIglosses.
