What are some psychoanalytic ● Freud
theories of personality? ○ Emphasis on sex and unconscious conflict
as motivation for behavior and influencing
personality
○ No physical evidence - so no evidence
○ Mostly derives into self drives, shaping
children personality, unconscious thoughts
desire
● Neo-Freudian
○ Building on Freud but going in some new
directions
○ Jung (neo -Freudian)
○ Can find supported evidence for the theory
built upon, rejection of Freud ideas
● Evaluation of these theories
○ “Unconscious” impossible to test
scientifically
○ Early childhood important, but no evidence
for psychosexual stages
○ No evidence for any aspect of Freud’s theo
or for most neo-Freudian theories either
○ Damaging effect of his idea
○ Child had sexual desires towards someone
What is Jung’s theory on ● Shaped a widely used personality test, Myers-Brig
personality? Type Indicator (MBTI) assesses 4 dimensions:
○ Extraversion vs Introversion
■ Where we derive our energy from
(outer world of people and activities
or inner world of ideas and emotions
○ Sensing vs Intuition
■ What we pay attention to: sensory
information vs intuition
○ Thinking vs Feeling
■ How we make decisions: logic and
objective factors vs values and
emotions
○ Perceiving vs Judging
■ Approach to life: planned and
organized vs spontaneous and flexib
● MBTI useful for organizations and for couples
therapy
Organizational psychologist - often uses MBTI to clien
, What are humanistic theories? ● Emphasize
○ Conscious free will, uniqueness and
subjective experience, personal growth and
self concept
● Maslow: Father of the humanist movement
● Maslow’s hierarchy of needs criticized for being
based on poor quality studies of small sample
subjectively selected as self-actualized
Freud made it seem that we are victims to do what ou
unconscious desires tells us to do
Individuals experiences should be respected that will
shape our personality
Maslow: based on 50 people form the whole world - n
a proper study - small group
The best you can ever be, realize full potential
What is Rogers’ self theory? ● Based on bright college students with adjustment
problems
● Emphasized self-actualization and need for positi
regard (award)
● Begins in childhood with parents
● Unconditional positive regard necessary for
self-actualization
● Evaluation of humanistic theories
○ Like Maslow’s theory, this is not a
research-based theory
○ Vague concepts; overly idealistic theory; ve
individualistic
○ Does not help explain negative or hurtful
behaviors
Condition of worth - parents guide their children how
they should be and do
What are social-cognitive ● Emphasized both social and cognitive factors alo
theories? with conditioning to explain personality
● Research-based and combines elements of major
perspectives on human behavior
○ Bandura’s self-system and Rotter’s locus of
control theories are some examples
● Bandura’s self-system: cognitive processes that
regulate social behavior based on what will be
reinforced
○ Self-efficacy = effects of low or high levels
of this belief
theories of personality? ○ Emphasis on sex and unconscious conflict
as motivation for behavior and influencing
personality
○ No physical evidence - so no evidence
○ Mostly derives into self drives, shaping
children personality, unconscious thoughts
desire
● Neo-Freudian
○ Building on Freud but going in some new
directions
○ Jung (neo -Freudian)
○ Can find supported evidence for the theory
built upon, rejection of Freud ideas
● Evaluation of these theories
○ “Unconscious” impossible to test
scientifically
○ Early childhood important, but no evidence
for psychosexual stages
○ No evidence for any aspect of Freud’s theo
or for most neo-Freudian theories either
○ Damaging effect of his idea
○ Child had sexual desires towards someone
What is Jung’s theory on ● Shaped a widely used personality test, Myers-Brig
personality? Type Indicator (MBTI) assesses 4 dimensions:
○ Extraversion vs Introversion
■ Where we derive our energy from
(outer world of people and activities
or inner world of ideas and emotions
○ Sensing vs Intuition
■ What we pay attention to: sensory
information vs intuition
○ Thinking vs Feeling
■ How we make decisions: logic and
objective factors vs values and
emotions
○ Perceiving vs Judging
■ Approach to life: planned and
organized vs spontaneous and flexib
● MBTI useful for organizations and for couples
therapy
Organizational psychologist - often uses MBTI to clien
, What are humanistic theories? ● Emphasize
○ Conscious free will, uniqueness and
subjective experience, personal growth and
self concept
● Maslow: Father of the humanist movement
● Maslow’s hierarchy of needs criticized for being
based on poor quality studies of small sample
subjectively selected as self-actualized
Freud made it seem that we are victims to do what ou
unconscious desires tells us to do
Individuals experiences should be respected that will
shape our personality
Maslow: based on 50 people form the whole world - n
a proper study - small group
The best you can ever be, realize full potential
What is Rogers’ self theory? ● Based on bright college students with adjustment
problems
● Emphasized self-actualization and need for positi
regard (award)
● Begins in childhood with parents
● Unconditional positive regard necessary for
self-actualization
● Evaluation of humanistic theories
○ Like Maslow’s theory, this is not a
research-based theory
○ Vague concepts; overly idealistic theory; ve
individualistic
○ Does not help explain negative or hurtful
behaviors
Condition of worth - parents guide their children how
they should be and do
What are social-cognitive ● Emphasized both social and cognitive factors alo
theories? with conditioning to explain personality
● Research-based and combines elements of major
perspectives on human behavior
○ Bandura’s self-system and Rotter’s locus of
control theories are some examples
● Bandura’s self-system: cognitive processes that
regulate social behavior based on what will be
reinforced
○ Self-efficacy = effects of low or high levels
of this belief
