PREFACE
BACKGROUND
Thermodynamics is an exciting and fascinating subject that deals with
energy, which is essential for sustenance of life, and thermodynamics has
long been an essential part of engineering curricula all over the world. It has
a broad application area ranging from microscopic organisms to common
household appliances, transportation vehicles, power generation systems,
and even philosophy. This introductory book contains sufficient material for
two sequential courses in thermodynamics. Students are assumed to have an
adequate background in calculus and physics.
OBJECTIVES
This book is intended for use as a textbook by undergraduate engineering
students in their sophomore or junior year, and as a reference book for prac-
ticing engineers. The objectives of this text are
• To cover the basic principles of thermodynamics.
• To present a wealth of real-world engineering examples to give
students a feel for how thermodynamics is applied in engineering
practice.
• To develop an intuitive understanding of thermodynamics by empha-
sizing the physics and physical arguments.
It is our hope that this book, through its careful explanations of concepts
and its use of numerous practical examples and figures, helps students
develop the necessary skills to bridge the gap between knowledge and the
confidence to properly apply knowledge.
PHILOSOPHY AND GOAL
The philosophy that contributed to the overwhelming popularity of the prior
editions of this book has remained unchanged in this edition. Namely, our
goal has been to offer an engineering textbook that
• Communicates directly to the minds of tomorrow’s engineers in a
simple yet precise manner.
• Leads students toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the
basic principles of thermodynamics.
• Encourages creative thinking and development of a deeper under-
standing and intuitive feel for thermodynamics.
• Is read by students with interest and enthusiasm rather than being
used as an aid to solve problems.
| xvii
,xviii | Preface
Special effort has been made to appeal to students’ natural curiosity and
to help them explore the various facets of the exciting subject area of ther-
modynamics. The enthusiastic responses we have received from users of
prior editions—from small colleges to large universities all over the world—
indicate that our objectives have largely been achieved. It is our philosophy
that the best way to learn is by practice. Therefore, special effort is made
throughout the book to reinforce material that was presented earlier.
Yesterday’s engineer spent a major portion of his or her time substituting
values into the formulas and obtaining numerical results. However, formula
manipulations and number crunching are now being left mainly to comput-
ers. Tomorrow’s engineer will need a clear understanding and a firm grasp of
the basic principles so that he or she can understand even the most complex
problems, formulate them, and interpret the results. A conscious effort is
made to emphasize these basic principles while also providing students with
a perspective of how computational tools are used in engineering practice.
The traditional classical, or macroscopic, approach is used throughout the
text, with microscopic arguments serving in a supporting role as appropri-
ate. This approach is more in line with students’ intuition and makes learn-
ing the subject matter much easier.
NEW IN THIS EDITION
All the popular features of the previous editions are retained while new ones
are added. With the exception of reorganizing the first law coverage and
updating the steam and refrigerant properties, the main body of the text
remains largely unchanged. The most significant changes in this fifth edi-
tion are highlighted below.
EARLY INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics is now introduced early in the new Chapter
2, “Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis.” This introduc-
tory chapter sets the framework of establishing a general understanding of
various forms of energy, mechanisms of energy transfer, the concept of
energy balance, thermo-economics, energy conversion, and conversion effi-
ciency using familiar settings that involve mostly electrical and mechanical
forms of energy. It also exposes students to some exciting real-world appli-
cations of thermodynamics early in the course, and helps them establish a
sense of the monetary value of energy.
SEPARATE COVERAGE OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
AND CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY ANALYSES
The energy analysis of closed systems is now presented in a separate chap-
ter, Chapter 4, together with the boundary work and the discussion of
specific heats for both ideal gases and incompressible substances. The con-
servation of mass is now covered together with conservation of energy in
new Chapter 5. A formal derivation of the general energy equation is also
given in this chapter as the Topic of Special Interest.
REVISED COVERAGE OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
The chapter on compressible flow that deals with compressibility effects
(now Chapter 17) is greatly revised and expanded. This chapter now includes
, Preface | xix
coverage of oblique shocks and flow with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow) with
some exciting photographs and extended discussions of shock waves.
UPDATED STEAM AND REFRIGERANT-134A TABLES
The steam and refrigerant-134a tables are updated using the most current
property data from EES. Tables A-4 through A-8 and A-11 through A-13, as
well as their counterparts in English units, have all been revised. All the exam-
ples and homework problems in the text that involve steam or refrigerant-
134a are also revised to reflect the small changes in steam and refrigerant
properties. An added advantage of this update is that students will get the
same result when solving problems whether they use steam or refrigerant
properties from EES or property tables in the appendices.
OVER 300 NEW COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
This edition includes over 300 new comprehensive problems that come
mostly from industrial applications. Problems whose solutions require para-
metric investigations, and thus the use of a computer, are identified by a
computer-EES icon, as before.
CONTENT CHANGES AND REORGANIZATION
The noteworthy changes in various chapters are summarized below for
those who are familiar with the previous edition.
• Chapter 1 is greatly revised, and its title is changed to “Introduction
and Basic Concepts.” A new section Density and Specific Gravity and
a new subsection The International Temperature Scale of 1990 are
added. The sections Forms of Energy and Energy and the Environment
are moved to new Chapter 2, and the Topic of Special Interest Ther-
modynamic Aspects of Biological Systems is moved to new Chapter 4.
• The new Chapter 2 “Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy
Analysis” mostly consists of the sections Forms of Energy and Energy
and the Environment moved from Chapter 1, Energy Transfer by Heat
and Energy Transfer by Work, and Mechanical Forms of Energy from
Chapter 3, The First Law of Thermodynamics from Chapter 4, and
Energy Conversion Efficiencies from Chapter 5. The Topic of Special
Interest in this chapter is Mechanisms of Heat Transfer moved from
Chapter 3.
• Chapter 3 “Properties of Pure Substance” is essentially the previous
edition Chapter 2, except that the last three sections on specific heats
are moved to new Chapter 4.
• Chapter 4 “Energy Analysis of Closed Systems” consists of Moving
Boundary Work from Chapter 3, sections on Specific Heats from
Chapter 2, and Energy Balance for Closed Systems from Chapter 4.
Also, the Topic of Special Interest Thermodynamic Aspects of Biolog-
ical Systems is moved here from Chapter 1.
• Chapter 5 “Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes” consists
of Mass Balance for Control Volumes and Flow Work and the Energy
of a Flowing Fluid from Chapter 3 and the sections on Energy
Balance for Steady- and Unsteady-Flow Systems from Chapter 4. The
, xx | Preface
Topic of Special Interest Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods is
deleted and is replaced by a formal derivation of the General Energy
Equation.
• Chapter 6 “The Second Law of Thermodynamics” is identical to the
previous edition Chapter 5, except the section Energy Conversion
Efficiencies is moved to Chapter 2.
• Chapters 7 through 15 are essentially identical to the previous edition
Chapters 6 through 14, respectively.
• Chapter 17 “Compressible Flow” is an updated version of the previ-
ous edition Chapter 16. The entire chapter is greatly revised, the sec-
tion Flow Through Actual Nozzles and Diffusers is deleted, and a new
section Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction
(Rayleigh Flow) is added.
• In Appendices 1 and 2, the steam and refrigerant-134a tables (Tables
4 through 8 and 11 through 13) are entirely revised, but the table
numbers are kept the same. The tables for isentropic compressible
flow functions and the normal shock functions (Tables A-32 and
A-33) are updated and plots of functions are now included. Also,
Rayleigh flow functions are added as Table A-34. Appendix 3 Intro-
duction to EES is moved to the Student Resources DVD that comes
packaged free with the text.
• The conversion factors on the inner cover pages and the physical con-
stants are updated, and some nomenclature symbols are revised.
LEARNING TOOLS
EMPHASIS ON PHYSICS
A distinctive feature of this book is its emphasis on the physical aspects of
the subject matter in addition to mathematical representations and manipula-
tions. The authors believe that the emphasis in undergraduate education
should remain on developing a sense of underlying physical mechanisms
and a mastery of solving practical problems that an engineer is likely to face
in the real world. Developing an intuitive understanding should also make
the course a more motivating and worthwhile experience for students.
EFFECTIVE USE OF ASSOCIATION
An observant mind should have no difficulty understanding engineering sci-
ences. After all, the principles of engineering sciences are based on our
everyday experiences and experimental observations. Therefore, a physical,
intuitive approach is used throughout this text. Frequently, parallels are
drawn between the subject matter and students’ everyday experiences so
that they can relate the subject matter to what they already know. The
process of cooking, for example, serves as an excellent vehicle to demon-
strate the basic principles of thermodynamics.
SELF-INSTRUCTING
The material in the text is introduced at a level that an average student can
follow comfortably. It speaks to students, not over students. In fact, it is
self-instructive. The order of coverage is from simple to general. That is, it
BACKGROUND
Thermodynamics is an exciting and fascinating subject that deals with
energy, which is essential for sustenance of life, and thermodynamics has
long been an essential part of engineering curricula all over the world. It has
a broad application area ranging from microscopic organisms to common
household appliances, transportation vehicles, power generation systems,
and even philosophy. This introductory book contains sufficient material for
two sequential courses in thermodynamics. Students are assumed to have an
adequate background in calculus and physics.
OBJECTIVES
This book is intended for use as a textbook by undergraduate engineering
students in their sophomore or junior year, and as a reference book for prac-
ticing engineers. The objectives of this text are
• To cover the basic principles of thermodynamics.
• To present a wealth of real-world engineering examples to give
students a feel for how thermodynamics is applied in engineering
practice.
• To develop an intuitive understanding of thermodynamics by empha-
sizing the physics and physical arguments.
It is our hope that this book, through its careful explanations of concepts
and its use of numerous practical examples and figures, helps students
develop the necessary skills to bridge the gap between knowledge and the
confidence to properly apply knowledge.
PHILOSOPHY AND GOAL
The philosophy that contributed to the overwhelming popularity of the prior
editions of this book has remained unchanged in this edition. Namely, our
goal has been to offer an engineering textbook that
• Communicates directly to the minds of tomorrow’s engineers in a
simple yet precise manner.
• Leads students toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the
basic principles of thermodynamics.
• Encourages creative thinking and development of a deeper under-
standing and intuitive feel for thermodynamics.
• Is read by students with interest and enthusiasm rather than being
used as an aid to solve problems.
| xvii
,xviii | Preface
Special effort has been made to appeal to students’ natural curiosity and
to help them explore the various facets of the exciting subject area of ther-
modynamics. The enthusiastic responses we have received from users of
prior editions—from small colleges to large universities all over the world—
indicate that our objectives have largely been achieved. It is our philosophy
that the best way to learn is by practice. Therefore, special effort is made
throughout the book to reinforce material that was presented earlier.
Yesterday’s engineer spent a major portion of his or her time substituting
values into the formulas and obtaining numerical results. However, formula
manipulations and number crunching are now being left mainly to comput-
ers. Tomorrow’s engineer will need a clear understanding and a firm grasp of
the basic principles so that he or she can understand even the most complex
problems, formulate them, and interpret the results. A conscious effort is
made to emphasize these basic principles while also providing students with
a perspective of how computational tools are used in engineering practice.
The traditional classical, or macroscopic, approach is used throughout the
text, with microscopic arguments serving in a supporting role as appropri-
ate. This approach is more in line with students’ intuition and makes learn-
ing the subject matter much easier.
NEW IN THIS EDITION
All the popular features of the previous editions are retained while new ones
are added. With the exception of reorganizing the first law coverage and
updating the steam and refrigerant properties, the main body of the text
remains largely unchanged. The most significant changes in this fifth edi-
tion are highlighted below.
EARLY INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics is now introduced early in the new Chapter
2, “Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis.” This introduc-
tory chapter sets the framework of establishing a general understanding of
various forms of energy, mechanisms of energy transfer, the concept of
energy balance, thermo-economics, energy conversion, and conversion effi-
ciency using familiar settings that involve mostly electrical and mechanical
forms of energy. It also exposes students to some exciting real-world appli-
cations of thermodynamics early in the course, and helps them establish a
sense of the monetary value of energy.
SEPARATE COVERAGE OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
AND CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY ANALYSES
The energy analysis of closed systems is now presented in a separate chap-
ter, Chapter 4, together with the boundary work and the discussion of
specific heats for both ideal gases and incompressible substances. The con-
servation of mass is now covered together with conservation of energy in
new Chapter 5. A formal derivation of the general energy equation is also
given in this chapter as the Topic of Special Interest.
REVISED COVERAGE OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
The chapter on compressible flow that deals with compressibility effects
(now Chapter 17) is greatly revised and expanded. This chapter now includes
, Preface | xix
coverage of oblique shocks and flow with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow) with
some exciting photographs and extended discussions of shock waves.
UPDATED STEAM AND REFRIGERANT-134A TABLES
The steam and refrigerant-134a tables are updated using the most current
property data from EES. Tables A-4 through A-8 and A-11 through A-13, as
well as their counterparts in English units, have all been revised. All the exam-
ples and homework problems in the text that involve steam or refrigerant-
134a are also revised to reflect the small changes in steam and refrigerant
properties. An added advantage of this update is that students will get the
same result when solving problems whether they use steam or refrigerant
properties from EES or property tables in the appendices.
OVER 300 NEW COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
This edition includes over 300 new comprehensive problems that come
mostly from industrial applications. Problems whose solutions require para-
metric investigations, and thus the use of a computer, are identified by a
computer-EES icon, as before.
CONTENT CHANGES AND REORGANIZATION
The noteworthy changes in various chapters are summarized below for
those who are familiar with the previous edition.
• Chapter 1 is greatly revised, and its title is changed to “Introduction
and Basic Concepts.” A new section Density and Specific Gravity and
a new subsection The International Temperature Scale of 1990 are
added. The sections Forms of Energy and Energy and the Environment
are moved to new Chapter 2, and the Topic of Special Interest Ther-
modynamic Aspects of Biological Systems is moved to new Chapter 4.
• The new Chapter 2 “Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy
Analysis” mostly consists of the sections Forms of Energy and Energy
and the Environment moved from Chapter 1, Energy Transfer by Heat
and Energy Transfer by Work, and Mechanical Forms of Energy from
Chapter 3, The First Law of Thermodynamics from Chapter 4, and
Energy Conversion Efficiencies from Chapter 5. The Topic of Special
Interest in this chapter is Mechanisms of Heat Transfer moved from
Chapter 3.
• Chapter 3 “Properties of Pure Substance” is essentially the previous
edition Chapter 2, except that the last three sections on specific heats
are moved to new Chapter 4.
• Chapter 4 “Energy Analysis of Closed Systems” consists of Moving
Boundary Work from Chapter 3, sections on Specific Heats from
Chapter 2, and Energy Balance for Closed Systems from Chapter 4.
Also, the Topic of Special Interest Thermodynamic Aspects of Biolog-
ical Systems is moved here from Chapter 1.
• Chapter 5 “Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes” consists
of Mass Balance for Control Volumes and Flow Work and the Energy
of a Flowing Fluid from Chapter 3 and the sections on Energy
Balance for Steady- and Unsteady-Flow Systems from Chapter 4. The
, xx | Preface
Topic of Special Interest Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods is
deleted and is replaced by a formal derivation of the General Energy
Equation.
• Chapter 6 “The Second Law of Thermodynamics” is identical to the
previous edition Chapter 5, except the section Energy Conversion
Efficiencies is moved to Chapter 2.
• Chapters 7 through 15 are essentially identical to the previous edition
Chapters 6 through 14, respectively.
• Chapter 17 “Compressible Flow” is an updated version of the previ-
ous edition Chapter 16. The entire chapter is greatly revised, the sec-
tion Flow Through Actual Nozzles and Diffusers is deleted, and a new
section Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction
(Rayleigh Flow) is added.
• In Appendices 1 and 2, the steam and refrigerant-134a tables (Tables
4 through 8 and 11 through 13) are entirely revised, but the table
numbers are kept the same. The tables for isentropic compressible
flow functions and the normal shock functions (Tables A-32 and
A-33) are updated and plots of functions are now included. Also,
Rayleigh flow functions are added as Table A-34. Appendix 3 Intro-
duction to EES is moved to the Student Resources DVD that comes
packaged free with the text.
• The conversion factors on the inner cover pages and the physical con-
stants are updated, and some nomenclature symbols are revised.
LEARNING TOOLS
EMPHASIS ON PHYSICS
A distinctive feature of this book is its emphasis on the physical aspects of
the subject matter in addition to mathematical representations and manipula-
tions. The authors believe that the emphasis in undergraduate education
should remain on developing a sense of underlying physical mechanisms
and a mastery of solving practical problems that an engineer is likely to face
in the real world. Developing an intuitive understanding should also make
the course a more motivating and worthwhile experience for students.
EFFECTIVE USE OF ASSOCIATION
An observant mind should have no difficulty understanding engineering sci-
ences. After all, the principles of engineering sciences are based on our
everyday experiences and experimental observations. Therefore, a physical,
intuitive approach is used throughout this text. Frequently, parallels are
drawn between the subject matter and students’ everyday experiences so
that they can relate the subject matter to what they already know. The
process of cooking, for example, serves as an excellent vehicle to demon-
strate the basic principles of thermodynamics.
SELF-INSTRUCTING
The material in the text is introduced at a level that an average student can
follow comfortably. It speaks to students, not over students. In fact, it is
self-instructive. The order of coverage is from simple to general. That is, it
